Evaluation of Morphological Diversity, Mitotic Instability and Fertility in Tritipyrum

Tritipyrum is prone to mitotic instability, stiff straw and low fertility. A complete randomized design was used to evaluate morphological diversity, fertility and grain yield of 7 new synthetic Tritipyrum lines and their F1 offspring’sin a cross with bread wheat. Fertility, harvest index, biological yield, 1000-grains weight (TGW) and grain yield of Tritipyrum derived genotypes were significantly lower than bread wheat and Triticale. The morphology of Tritipyrum was found to be similar with wheat lines and hybridization between Tritipyrum and bread wheat was efficient for developing early maturelines and reducing stiff straw and plant height. Results showed that mitotic instability in small size grains (TGW 30 g) in both parental and F2progenies .Euploidyof Tritipyrum derived genotypes were significantly lower than Triticale and bread wheat. Results suggested that the larger and heavier grains show higher frequency of euploidy and that can be useful for maintenance of the genetic stability of Tritipyrum genotypes. Tritipyrum as a new man made cereal is a good genetic resource for wheat breeding and may complements the role of bread wheat wherever environmental condition is not suitable for wheat cultivation

Drought Resistance and Mitotic Instability of Tritipyrum Compared with Triticale and Bread Wheat

This study presents the first data on the drought resistance pattern of seven new synthetic 6x primary Tritipyrum amphiploid linesand evaluates their mitotic instability. The primary Tritipyrum lines were crossed with Iranian 6x bread wheat ‘Navid’ cultivar and theirF1 and F2 progenies were obtained. Two experiments with complete randomized design were conducted under optimum and limitedwater conditions to evaluate Tritipyrum-derived genotypes for drought resistance in greenhouse. Under optimum water conditions,grain yield, numbers of grains per spike and harvest index of Tritipyrum-derived genotypes were significantly lower than bread wheat;however the differences were not significant under limited water conditions. These results showed the better responses of Tritipyrumderivedgenotypes to drought conditions. Evaluation of leaf osmotic and water potentials and drought susceptibility index showedthat drought resistance of Tritipyrum and F1 genotypes was significantly higher than that of bread wheat and Triticale. Cytologicalinvestigations showed that Tritipyrum-derived genotypes aneuploidy was significantly higher than Triticale and bread wheat (p<0.05).Mitotic instability in light grains (1000-grains weight < 30 gr) was significantly higher than heavy grains (1000-grains weight > 30 gr) inparental and F2 genotypes (p<0.01). Aneuploidy has showed a significant negative correlation with fertility, grain yield and 1000-grainsweight in Tritipyrum genotypes. In general, Tritipyrum may complement the role of bread wheat in arid and semi-arid regions; butfurther breeding research is needed to overcome its mitotic instability

EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF NPK ON HERB, OIL YIELD AND OIL COMPOSITION OF BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM L.)

ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate the effect of four levels of N, P and K fertilizer (Kg

Dissection of genotype × environment interactions for mucilage and seed yield in Plantago species: Application of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses

<div><p>Genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is an important aspect of both plant breeding and the successful introduction of new cultivars. In the present study, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and genotype (G) main effects and genotype (G) × environment (E) interaction (GGE) biplot analyses were used to identify stable genotypes and to dissect GEI in <i>Plantago</i>. In total, 10 managed field trials were considered as environments to analyze GEI in thirty genotypes belonging to eight <i>Plantago</i> species. Genotypes were evaluated in a drought stress treatment and in normal irrigation conditions at two locations in Shiraz (Bajgah) for three years (2013-2014- 2015) and Kooshkak (Marvdasht, Fars, Iran) for two years (2014–2015). Three traits, seed yield and mucilage yield and content, were measured at each experimental site and in natural <i>Plantago</i> habitats. AMMI2 biplot analyses identified genotypes from several species with higher stability for seed yield and other genotypes with stable mucilage content and yield. <i>P</i>. <i>lanceolata</i> (G26), <i>P</i>. <i>officinalis</i> (G10), <i>P</i>. <i>ovata</i> (G14), <i>P</i>. <i>ampleexcaulis</i> (G11) and <i>P</i>. <i>major</i> (G4) had higher stability for seed yield. For mucilage yield, G21, G18 and G20 (<i>P</i>. <i>psyllium</i>), G1, G2 and G4 (<i>P</i>. <i>major</i>), G9 and G10 (<i>P</i>. <i>officinalis</i>) and <i>P</i>. <i>lanceolata</i> were identified as stable. G13 (<i>P</i>. <i>ovata</i>), G5 and G6 (<i>P</i>. <i>major</i>) and G30 (<i>P</i>. <i>lagopus</i>) had higher stability for mucilage content. No one genotype was found to have high levels of stability for more than one trait but some species had more than one genotype exhibiting stable trait performance. Based on trait variation, GGE biplot analysis identified two representative environments, one for seed yield and one for mucilage yield and content, with good discriminating ability. The identification of stable genotypes and representative environments should assist the breeding of new <i>Plantago</i> cultivars.</p></div

AMMI1 biplot for seed yield (g m^-2) in 30 <i>Plantago</i> genotypes (<i>P</i>. <i>major</i>, G1- G7; <i>P</i>. <i>officinalis</i>, G8-G10; <i>P</i>. <i>amplexicaulis</i>, G11; <i>P</i>. <i>ovata</i>, G12-G16; <i>P</i>. <i>psyllium</i>, G17-G21; <i>P</i>. <i>lanceolata</i>, G22-G26; <i>P</i>. <i>coronopus</i>, G27- G28; <i>P</i>. <i>lagopus</i>, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).

<p>Köppen-Geiger climate classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196095#pone.0196095.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.</p

AMMI analysis of variance of 30 <i>Plantago</i> genotypes for seed yield, mucilage yield and content.

<p>AMMI analysis of variance of 30 <i>Plantago</i> genotypes for seed yield, mucilage yield and content.</p

AMMI2 biplot for seed yield (g m^-2) of 30 <i>Plantago</i> genotypes <i>P</i>. <i>major</i>, G1- G7; <i>P</i>. <i>officinalis</i>, G8-G10; <i>P</i>. <i>amplexicaulis</i>, G11; <i>P</i>. <i>ovata</i>, G12-G16; <i>P</i>. <i>psyllium</i>, G17-G21; <i>P</i>. <i>lanceolata</i>, G22-G26; <i>P</i>. <i>coronopus</i>, G27- G28; <i>P</i>. <i>lagopus</i>, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).

<p>Köppen-Geiger climate classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196095#pone.0196095.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.</p

The average environment coordination (AEC) view of GGE biplot based on genotype-focused scaling for mucilage content of 30 <i>Plantago</i> genotypes (<i>P</i>. <i>major</i>, G1- G7; <i>P</i>. <i>officinalis</i>, G8-G10; <i>P</i>. <i>amplexicaulis</i>, G11; <i>P</i>. <i>ovata</i>, G12-G16; <i>P</i>. <i>psyllium</i>, G17-G21; <i>P</i>. <i>lanceolata</i>, G22-G26; <i>P</i>. <i>coronopus</i>, G27- G28; <i>P</i>. <i>lagopus</i>, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank genotypes relative to an ideal genotype (The center of the concentric circles).

<p>Köppen-Geiger climate classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196095#pone.0196095.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.</p

AMMI1 biplot for mucilage content (% of 100 g seed) of 30 <i>Plantago</i> genotypes <i>P</i>. <i>major</i>, G1- G7; <i>P</i>. <i>officinalis</i>, G8-G10; <i>P</i>. <i>amplexicaulis</i>, G11; <i>P</i>. <i>ovata</i>, G12-G16; <i>P</i>. <i>psyllium</i>, G17-G21; <i>P</i>. <i>lanceolata</i>, G22-G26; <i>P</i>. <i>coronopus</i>, G27- G28; <i>P</i>. <i>lagopus</i>, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).

<p>Köppen-Geiger climate classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196095#pone.0196095.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.</p

The average environment coordination (AEC) view of GGE biplot based on genotype-focused scaling for seed yield if 30 <i>Plantago</i> genotypes (<i>P</i>. <i>major</i>, G1- G7; <i>P</i>. <i>officinalis</i>, G8-G10; <i>P</i>. <i>amplexicaulis</i>, G11; <i>P</i>. <i>ovata</i>, G12-G16; <i>P</i>. <i>psyllium</i>, G17-G21; <i>P</i>. <i>lanceolata</i>, G22-G26; <i>P</i>. <i>coronopus</i>, G27- G28; <i>P</i>. <i>lagopus</i>, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank genotypes relative to an ideal genotype (The center of the concentric circles).

<p>Köppen-Geiger climate classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196095#pone.0196095.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.</p