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Income and employment effects of micro-credit programmes: Village-level evidence from Bangladesh

Micro-credit programmes, having made their mark in providing credit and other development services to the poor in a non-traditional way, are able to make significant changes in a rural economy. This article attempts to quantify the village-level impacts of the three most important micro-credit programmes of Bangladesh, namely Grameen Bank, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and Bangladesh Rural Development Board's (BRDB) RD-12 project. Descriptive and econometric analyses show that these programmes have positive impacts on income, production, and employment, particularly in the rural non-farm sector. Also, growth in self-employment has been achieved at the expense of wage employment, which implies an increase in rural wages. The article emphasises that an upward shift in the labour demand curve is required for both improved productivity and wage gains on a sustainable basis, which can only be supported through a structural transformation of the rural economy.

The political economy of plunder: economic opportunity and modern piracy

Maritime piracy is a growing scourge on the international community—imposing large costs on maritime states and the shipping industry, as well as potentially undermining state capacity and funding terrorism. Using original data on over 3,000 pirate attacks, the authors argue that these attacks are, in part, a response to poor labor market opportunities. To establish this, the authors take advantage of the strong effect of commodity prices on labor market opportunities in piracy-prone states. Consistent with this theory, the authors show that changes in the price of labor- and capital-intensive commodities have consistent and strong effects on the number of pirate attacks in a country’s territorial waters each month. The authors confirm these results by instrumenting for commodity prices using monthly precipitation levels