Inovasi dan retensi dalam dialek Hulu Tembeling

Inovasi dan retensi adalah dua konsep penting dalam linguistik perbandingan sejarawi. Inovasi merujuk kepada perubahan sesuatu ciri bahasa purba dalam bahasa atau dialek semasa; manakala, retensi pula adalah pengekalan sesuatu ciri bahasa purba dalam bahasa atau dialek semasa. Bertolak daripada kedua-dua konsep tersebut, makalah ini membincangkan ciri inovasi dan retensi yang wujud dalam dialek Hulu Tembeling (DHT). Secara khususnya makalah ini hanya membicangkan satu ciri inovasi dan retensi dalam DHT iaitu perubahan segmen bunyi yang terjadi pada konsonan nasal akhir dan pengekalan vokal tinggi pada posisi suku kata praakhir. Harus dinyatakan bahawa penentuan sama ada sesuatu ciri itu dapat dikategorikan sebagai inovasi atau retensi adalah melalui pendekatan perbandingan yang lazim dalam linguistik perbandingan sejarawi. Sehubungan itu, data-data dialek Hulu Tembeling akan dibandingkan dengan bahasa Malayik Purba (MP) yang telah direkonstruksi oleh Adelaar (1992). Pewajaran perbandingan sebegini adalah kerapatan hubungan bahasa purba tersebut dengan DHT. Pendekatan perbandingan yang dijadikan alat analisis didasarkan pada hipotesis kajian ini iaitu segmen bunyi yang menunjukkan perbezaan dengan MP dikategorikan sebagai inovasi; sebaliknya, segmen yang direfleks secara linear dikategorikan sebagai retensi. Ciri inovasi dan retensi ini selanjutnya dihubungkan dengan beberapa faktor yang relevan untuk dikaitkan sebagai penyebab kewujudannya iaitu pengelompokan dialek Hulu Tembeling, ketidakstabilan dialek tersebut ekoran perubahan ciri linguistik yang sedang berlangsung dan kewujudan rantai dialek di Lembangan Sungai Pahang

Brane f(R)f(\cal R) gravity

We consider a brane world scenario in which the bulk action is assumed to have the form of a generic function of the Ricci scalar $f(\mathcal{R})$ and derive the resulting Einstein field equations on the brane. In a constant curvature bulk a conserved geometric quantity appears in the field equations which can be associated with matter. We present cosmological and spherically symmetric solutions by assuming specific forms for $f(\mathcal{R})$ and show that the former can explain an accelerated expanding universe while the latter may account for galaxy rotation curves.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, to appear in EP

Virial mass in DGP brane cosmology

We study the virial mass discrepancy in the context of a DPG brane-world scenario and show that such a framework can offer viable explanations to account for the mass discrepancy problem. This is done by defining a geometrical mass $\mathcal{N}$ that we prove to be proportional to the virial mass. Estimating $\mathcal{N}$ using observational data, we show that it behaves linearly with $r$ and has a value of the order of $M_{200}$, pointing to a possible resolution of the virial mass discrepancy. We also obtain the radial velocity dispersion of galaxy clusters and show that it is compatible with the radial velocity dispersion profile of such clusters. This velocity dispersion profile can be used to differentiate various models predicting the virial mass.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, to appear in CQ

Potent radioprotective effect of therapeutic doses of ranitidine and famotidine against gamma-rays induced micronuclei in vivo

ABSTRACT Background: Previous investigations have revealed, cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, show radioprotective effects against gamma-and neutron-induced micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes. In this study, the anticlastogenic effects of famotidine and ranitidine, which act similar to cimetidine as histamine H2-receptor antagonists, was investigated. Materials and Methods: Balb/c male mice were injected i.p. with various doses of famotidine and ranitidine two hours before 2 Gy gamma irradiation. Frequency of micronuclei was determined in bone marrow erythrocytes following each treatment. Results: The results indicated that gamma irradiation alone can cause a high frequency of micronuclei formation and decrease cell proliferation ratio. Pre-irradiation injection of famotidine and ranitidine, of various doses, effectively reduced the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs), yet has no effect on cell proliferation ratio (PCEs/PCEs+NCEs). In fact, these two drugs reduce the clastogenic effects of gamma rays, while they are ineffective against the cytotoxic properties of gamma rays