Using Media Independent Handover to Support PMIPv6 Inter-domain Mobility Based Vehicular Networks

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) was proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a new network-based mobility protocol which does not require the involvement of MN’s in any form of mobility management. MN can handover relatively faster in PMIPv6 than in host-based mobility protocols (e.g. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)) because it actively uses link-layer attachment information which reduces the movement detection time, and eliminates duplicate address detection procedures. However, the current PMIPv6 cannot provide continuous mobility support for MN when roaming between different PMIPv6 domains; we introduce a novel inter-domain PMIPv6 scheme to support seamless handover for vehicle in motion to support continuous and seamless connection while roaming in the new PMIPv6 domain. In this paper we analytically evaluate our proposed scheme to support inter-domain mobility for vehicle roaming between two PMIPv6 domains by using Media Independent Handover (MIH) and Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) to support the handover in addition to a continuous connection

Fluoride in Drinking Water and Urine: a Cross-Sectional Study among Secondary School Children in Kuala Kubu Bharu, Selangor, Malaysia

Background: This study aimed to determine the levels of fluoride in drinking water and levels of urinary fluoride, to determine whether fluoride in both drinking water and urine were under the acceptable range stated by NDWQS and NIOSH Method 8308 respectively, to determine any significant difference in urinary fluoride between gender, and to determine the relationship between fluoride levels in drinking water and urinary fluoride among study subjects. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kuala KubuBharu, Selangor, Malaysia. A sample of secondary school children aged 14-years-old at a selected school were selected based on several criteria, including living at least 6 years on the same area and not having any health problems. Then a briefing was given to selected study subjects before distribution of a set of questionnaire were made. After obtaining parents’ permission, a set of high density polyethylene bottle (HDPE) and urine collection container was given to study subjects for drinking water and urine samples collection for 2 consecutive days. Both samples were analyzed using a HACH Brand Direct Reading Spectrophotometer model DR/ 1900 by Method 8029 which was accepted by the US EPA for reporting of drinking water and wastewater analysis purposes. Results: Fluoride levels in drinking water ranged between 0.41 to 0.59 ppm with a median of 0.46 (SD=0.04). Fluoride level in urine ranged between 0.45 to 2.29 ppm with a mean 1.48 (SD=0.43). There was no significant difference in urinary fluoride between genders. Also, there was no significant relationship between fluoride levels in drinking water and urinary fluoride levels among study subjects. The median value fluoride in drinking water obtained was 0.46 which was still in the range of NDWQS standards. Urinary fluoride was within the range stated by NIOSH. Conclusion: Levels of fluoride in both drinking water and urine in Kuala KubuBharu, Selangor, Malaysia, were within the acceptable limit. Keywords: fluoride, drinking water, urinary fluoride, secondary school children, Kuala KubuBhar

HIF-1 ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA

Acute hypoxia is a significant physiological danger during high-altitude flying and military aircraft missions. The human brain requires a constant supply of oxygen to function properly, and is susceptible to settings with low availability of air oxygen. Hypoxia can influence inflammatory signalling, and both central and systemic responses can activate HIF pathway genes. HIFs are critical molecules that regulate inflammation andhypoxia, ensuring appropriate cell function and survival. Hypoxia is the condition in which insufficient oxygen reaches the body\u27s tissues. It can be caused by a decrease in partial oxygen pressure (PO2) in the environment, problems with breathing and/or oxygen transport, or the inability of tissues to utilise oxygen. Different organs are hypoxic due to differences in tissue oxygen tensions, which are determined by differences in aerobic metabolism. Extremely hypoxic individuals have the most dramatic systemic and neurological adaptations to persistent hypoxia. In this review, we provide an overview of central and systemic responses to hypoxia and discuss the activation of HIF-1 pathway

Environmental application for GIS: assessing Iskandar Malaysia's (IM) sewage sludge for potential biomass resource

The low carbon scenario could be achieved through the identification of major sectors contributing to the emission of high greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. Sewage treatment plant (STP) was ranked as one of the major sectors that emits methane gas (CH4) during treatment processes, including sludge treatment. Sludge treatment is also capital extensive with high operational cost. Thus, sewage sludge has been accepted as a nuisance in STP. However, many has claimed that, sludge produced contain organic matter that has the potential for biomass resource. Thus, it would be such a waste? if sludge are directly disposed of into the landfill without utilizing them at its full potential. In order to do so, it is vital to be able to determine the amount of sludge production. This research was implemented in Iskandar Malaysia regions in the state of Johor. By using GIS tool, the regions that produced the most sewage sludge can be determined, and can be group as critical area. Result shows that Nusajaya produces the most, compared to other regions, which indicated Nusajaya as a densely populated region

Simultaneous microbeam IBA and beam-induced luminescence analysis of strained doped silica fibre radiation dosimeters

We demonstrate that the simultaneous combination of ion beam analysis (IBA) and ion beam induced luminescence (IL) can reveal valuable information concerning the performance of strained doped silica fibre thermoluminescence microdosimeters. The micron scale spatial resolution and low detection limits of IBA allow the lateral distribution of dopant elements to be mapped and then correlated with the distribution of prompt radioluminescence. Measurement of the decay of the IL signal with dose provide information concerning the saturation of the subsequent TL signal at high doses. MeV ion beams can deposit relatively high energy in localized, well-quantified small volumes and so this method is valuable for studying high dose effects in TL dosimeters. We describe a simple modification of the target chamber microscope which enables sensitive low background light detection in two wavelength bands and present preliminary results from three types of germanium doped silica fibre dosimeter

The importance of hypoxia sensors in detecting HIF-1 biomarker at high altitude

The episode of prolonged exposure to high altitude can cause hypoxia and potential significant health consequences. In people with high altitude disorder, the body reaction to high altitudes starts with the formation of a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which triggers a series of other physiological changes and plays a central role in the hypoxia response; its activity is regulated by the oxygen-dependent degradation of the HIF-1α protein. This deserving condition provides an opportunity to study the effect of low oxygen tension of flying at high altitude that could lead to hypoxia using hypoxia sensor

Large signal model of heterojunction bipolar transistor InP/InGaAs as an optoelectronic mixer

A large-signal model of InP/InGaAs single Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) has been developed considering spectral performance and mixing. This model is based on Gummel Poon BJT model. HBT InP/InGaAs has been modeled and analyzed in this paper as an optoelectronic mixer (OEM). The HBT proposed was simulated by considering the wavelength of 1310 nm for an up-conversion frequency of 30 GHz. Its characteristics was further investigated to develop the appropriate structure device for OEM application. This proposed HBT InP/InGaAs can be potentially implemented in the broadband Radio over Fiber (RoF) system to perform photodetection and frequency up-conversio

Enhancing somatic embryogenesis of Malaysian rice cultivar MR219 using adjuvant materials in a high efficiency protocol

Enhancing of the efficient tissue culture protocol for somatic embryos would facilitate the engineered breeding plants program. In this report, we describe the reproducible protocol of Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar MR219 through somatic embryogenesis. Effect of a wide spectrum of exogenesis materials was assessed in three phases, namely callogenesis, proliferation and regeneration. Initially, rice seeds were subjected under various auxin treatments. Secondly, the effect of different concentrations of 2,4-D on callus induction was evaluated. In the next step, the efficiency of different explants was identified. Subsequently, the effects of different auxins, cytokinins, L-proline, casein hydrolysate and potassium metasilicate concentrations on the callus proliferation and regeneration were considered. For the callogenesis phase, 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and roots were chosen as the best auxin and explant. In the callus proliferation stage, the highest efficiency was observed at week eight in the MS media supplemented with 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, 2 mg L-1 of kinetin, 50 mg L-1 of L-proline, 100 mg L-1 of casein hydrolysate and 30 mg L-1 of potassium metasilicate. In the last phase of the research, the MS media added with 3 mg L-1 of kinetin, 30 mg L-1 of potassium metasilicate and 2 mg L-1 of NAA were selected. Meanwhile, to promote the roots of regenerated explants, 0.4 mg L-1 of IBA has shown potential as an appropriate activator

Molecular characterization of nodule worm in a community of Bornean primates

Strongyles are commonly reported parasites in studies of primate parasite biodiversity. Among them, nodule worm species are often overlooked as a serious concern despite having been observed to cause serious disease in nonhuman primates and humans. In this study, we investigated whether strongyles found in Bornean primates are the nodule worm Oesophagostomum spp., and to what extent these parasites are shared among members of the community. To test this, we propose two hypotheses that use the parasite genetic structure to infer transmission processes within the community. In the first scenario, the absence of parasite genetic substructuring would reflect high levels of parasite transmission among primate hosts, as primates’ home ranges overlap in the study area. In the second scenario, the presence of parasite substructuring would suggest cryptic diversity within the parasite genus and the existence of phylogenetic barriers to cross‐species transmission. By using molecular markers, we identify strongyles infecting this primate community as O. aculeatum, the only species of nodule worm currently known to infect Asian nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the little to no genetic substructuring supports a scenario with no phylogenetic barriers to transmission and where host movements across the landscape would enable gene flow between host populations. This work shows that the parasite's high adaptability could act as a buffer against local parasite extinctions. Surveys targeting human populations living in close proximity to nonhuman primates could help clarify whether this species of nodule worm presents the zoonotic potential found in the other two species infecting African nonhuman primate