ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION OF NEBIVOLOL BY SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE

Objective: Solubility is greater challenges for formulation which can be explain by different technological approaches during the pharmaceutical product development and to improve water solubility and drug release respectively. Methods: The solid dispersions of nebivolol were prepared in ratio 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7 by fusion and solvent evaporation method using PEG 6000 and PVP K30 as carriers to enhance solubility of compound. Results: All the solid dispersions were evaluated for drug content, phase solubility, in vitro dissolution study. Deferential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) and Fourier Transformer Infra Red (FTIR) showed no chemical interaction between the drug and its carriers. Solubility of PEG 6000 and PVP K30 indicates a linear relationship (AL type of curve) in the investigated polymer concentration range. The Gibb's free energy showed declined trend with increase in the carrier concentrations. The uniformly of drug content was found in all solid dispersions. The drug release obtained from different drug-carrier concentration level fitted to different kinetic model and it was found that solid dispersions exhibited fickian diffusional characteristics and best fitted to higuchi model. A PVP K30 solid dispersion (1:7 ratio) prepared by solvent evaporation method showed faster dissolution rate (94.38 %) in 30 min among studied solid dispersions.. Conclusion: The overall results showed that process of nebivolol transfer from water to carrier solution is more favorable at higher level of PVP K30. The solid dispersion of drug: PVP K 30 (1:7 ratio) prepared by solvent evaporation method was found to be optimum in term of solubility and dissolution rate. Hence, we can concluded that solubility of nebivolol can be enhanced using this carrier ratio

Elective surgery patients walk to operating room instead of wheeled in on trolley: patient centered care

Introductions: Habits and beliefs of earlier practitioners influence medicine. We continue to wheel in the elective surgery patients to operating room (OR) which makes them feel not in self-control and increases anxiety. With few exceptions of heavily sedated, in severe pain or frail patients, most prefer to walk to the OR accompanied by nurse and family, if given the opportunity, in line with patient centered care. We aim to assess feasibility to allow elective surgery patients walk to OR accompanied by nurse and family member. Methods:This was a cross-sectional observation of 100 consecutive elective surgery patients admitted at surgery department, Patan Hospital, Nepal. Adult patients of 15 years or above were allowed to walk to OR accompanied by a nurse and family members. Demographic profile, patient satisfaction, anxiety on arriving to OR, patient feeling of autonomy were recorded to assess patient centered care. Microsoft Excel was used to descriptively analyze the data. Ethical approval was obtained. Results:Of 100 consecutive patients, 62 were female and 38 male, average age 52 years (range 15 to 72), and abdomen surgery 62 (62%). Two patients did not want to walk. The 98 patients who walked to the OR, all were satisfied and 89 were not anxious. Conclusions: Elective surgery patients (98 out of 100) accompanied by nurse and family members walked to operating room satisfied and were not anxious.  Keywords: elective surgery, patient autonomy, patient-centered care, patient satisfaction, walking to operating roo

Outcome of gastrointestinal surgery during COVID-19 lockdown in a tertiary care hospital, Nepal

Introduction: Perioperative strategies have been changing due to the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the risk of postoperative complications and transmission of infection. This study was aimed to assess the outcome of gastrointestinal surgery and the risk of transmission by implementing COVID-19 testing criteria and surgical strategy. Method: This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted at the department of surgery at Patan Hospital, Nepal, during COVID-19 lock-down from 24 march to 15 June 2020. All patients who underwent gastrointestinal (GI) surgery were included. High-risk patients (as defined by the Hospital Incident Command System, HICS) were tested for COVID-19 preoperatively. Surgery was performed in COVID operating room with full protective gear. Low-risk patients were not tested for COVID-19 preoperatively and performed surgery in non-COVID OR. Data from patient’s case-sheets were analyzed descriptively for age, gender, comorbidities, hospital stay, RT-PCR results, surgeries, and postoperative complications. Result: There were total 44 GI surgeries performed; 31(70.5%) were emergency, 5(11.3%) semi-emergency and 8(18.2%) oncology. There were 11(25%) patients tested for COVID-19 preoperatively and were negative. Nine HCWs tested for COVID-19 randomly were negative. Severe postoperative complications developed in 3 patients, with one mortality. Conclusion: Among GI surgeries, there was no increase in postoperative complications and transmission of COVID-19 to the patients or HCWs following the implementation of standard testing criteria and surgical strategy

外来種ヤンバルトサカヤスデの生態と大発生 : キシャヤスデの生態との対比を中心に

Article環境科学年報34:110-116(2012)research repor

乗鞍岳における融雪期の積雪中の化学物質の動態

A snow pit study was conducted on Mt. Norikura in the Northern Japan Alps from January to April to clarify the chemical dynamics in the snowpack during the snowmelt season. Little snowmelt occurred before February , the first snowmelt occurred between February and , and the peak of the snowmelt season occurred after March . Snow layers with remarkably high Cl , NO , and SO concentrations in the snowpack were traced; furthermore, the snow layers with high SO concentrations were found to disappear first. It was concluded that the ease with which the ions were flushed out from the snowpack was SO NO Cl.ArticleBulletin of Glaciological Research. 26:9-14 (2008)journal articl

中部山岳地域における降雪条件の違いによる積雪中の化学特性

We conducted a snow survey in February 2006 and January 2007 in Japan Alps. Approximately 0.60m and 1.05m snowfalls were deposited at the study site in February 2006 and January 2007, respectively. It was observed that the occurrence of snowfall was due to the low pressure formation in the vicinity of Japan and it also being the winter monsoon period. As a result of the analyzed snowpack, including new snow at a high resolution every 0.03m, a plurality of high-electric conductivity layers were observed at di erent depths. From the measurement of the major ion concentrations, it was observed that the high-electric conductivity layers had di erent chemical characteristics. High concentrations of NO3 and SO42 deposits were observed in the snowpack layer that was formed due to the low-pressure system that passed in the vicinity of Japan. On the other hand, the layer that formed during the winter monsoon pattern, large amounts of sea salts were deposited in the snowpack in January 2007. However, layers with a high sea-salt concentration were not observed in February 2006. We analyzed the movement of the air mass that flowed into the study area. Air mass passed through the city at the time of the passage of the low-pressure system. In addition, the air mass that crossed the Sea of Japan entered the study area during the winter monsoon pattern. However, the movement of the air mass was di erent during the winter monsoon pattern in February 2006 and January 2007.ArticleBulletin of Glaciological Research. 26:15-21 (2008)journal articl

北アルプスの山地流域における水収支と物質収支

We have investigated the water balance and mass balance for four years in Maekawa River basin on the eastern slope of Mt. Norikura-dake. In this region, the precipitation frequency is high from the rainy season to the autumn. The maximum base-flow discharge occurs in the spring snowmelt season. The pH and electric conductivity of the river water decline rapidly with the beginning of the snowmelt runo and temporarily decrease when the discharge increases temporarily in the rainy season or during a typhoon event. The Cl concentration of the river water increases in the early stage of snowmelt season since there is a considerable amount of sea salt in the snow. In addition, the NO concentration of the river water increases when the rainfall increases the discharge. The major ion concentration of the river water, except Cl and NO almost synchronizes with the change in the electric conductivity. In the mass balance of cations, the runo rate from the river basin considerably exceeds the atmospheric deposition rate to the river basin. This is because there is extremely much elution of ions from new volcanic rocks and soils. Further, the atmospheric deposition rate of NO is larger bigger with the biological consumption in the river basin than the runo rate from the basin.ArticleBulletin of Glaciological Research. 26:1-8 (2008)journal articl

Usage of Low-dose Glimepiride (0.5 mg) and Metformin Combination in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Continuum in Indian Setting

Background: To understand the approach of clinicians about the treatment pattern, dosage, efficacy and safety of the combination of low-dose glimepiride (0.5 mg) and metformin fixed-dose combination (FDC) in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continuum in Indian settings. Methods: This case-based questionnaire survey included health care professionals (n = 112) across India, who were prescribing glimepiride and metformin FDC. Data were collected from the medical records and analyzed. Results: The data of 1,403 patients with T2DM were included. The mean age was 49.1 years and 68.4% of patients were males. The median duration of T2DM was 36 months. A total of 86.7% of patients received glimepiride and metformin FDC as first-line therapy. The most commonly prescribed (71.5%) dosage of glimepiride and metformin was 0.5 mg/500 mg. The titration of the dose was performed in 231 patients, of which 82.7% required up-titration and 17.3% required down-titration. The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels reduced significantly (mean change: 1.2%, 36.5 mg/dL and 50.2 mg/dL,respectively) post-treatment. The hypoglycemic event and weight gain were reported in 7.7% and 9.5% of patients, respectively. Overall physician’s global evaluation of efficacy and tolerability was rated good to excellent in the majority of patients (>85%). Conclusion: Results demonstrate low-dose (0.5 mg) glimepiride and metformin FDC is effective in achieving glycemic control through lowering HbA1c, FPG and PPG levels with acceptable safety outcomes

Long non-coding RNA-mediated epigenetic response for abiotic stress tolerance in plants

Plants perceive environmental fluctuations as stress and confront several stresses throughout their life cycle individually or in combination. Plants have evolved their sensing and signaling mechanisms to perceive and respond to a variety of stresses. Epigenetic regulation plays a critical role in the regulation of genes, spatiotemporal expression of genes under stress conditions and imparts a stress memory to encounter future stress responses. It is quintessential to integrate our understanding of genetics and epigenetics to maintain plant fitness, achieve desired genetic gains with no trade-offs, and durable long-term stress tolerance. The long non-coding RNA >200 nts having no coding potential (or very low) play several roles in epigenetic memory, contributing to the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of cellular identity which include chromatin remodeling, imprinting (dosage compensation), stable silencing, facilitating nuclear organization, regulation of enhancer-promoter interactions, response to environmental signals and epigenetic switching. The lncRNAs are involved in a myriad of stress responses by activation or repression of target genes and hence are potential candidates for deploying in climate-resilient breeding programs. This review puts forward the significant roles of long non-coding RNA as an epigenetic response during abiotic stresses in plants and the prospects of deploying lncRNAs for designing climate-resilient plants