Confronting our mistakes: A comprehensive evaluation of radiographic errors in digital chest radiography among adult population in a public sector hospital

Objective: To find out the various types of radiographic errors in digital chest radiography and their effect on image quality leading to image rejection. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Radiology department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences for a period of One month, September 2019. The study included 1560 digital Chest X-Rays, reaching the Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS), fulfilling the inclusion criteria. All these X-rays were analyzed by two radiology residents for the presence of radiographic errors in them. The various radiographic errors were then classified as: Positioning error, poor collimation, Artifacts, improper exposure, motion blur and mislabeling. The frequency of each radiographic error was measured along with their implication on image quality resulting in three major image categories: ACCEPT, JUST ACCEPTABLE and REJECT. The SPSS was adopted for inferential statistical analysis. Results: The study included 1013 (64.9%) male patients and 547 (35.1%) female patients. The mean age came out to be 36 +/- 15 years. Out of 1560 X-rays, 964 (61.8 %) had radiographic errors in them while 596 (38.2%) were completely devoid of radiographic errors. Positioning error (44.5 percent) was the most frequently encountered error followed by poor collimation (29.8%), artifacts (14.9%), Improper exposure (8%), motion blur (2.2%) and mislabeling (0.5%). The rejection rate came out to be 16.5 %. The major cause of image rejection was anatomy cutoff, especially the cut-off of cardio phrenic (CP) angle. Conclusion: Positioning errors represent the commonest cause of image rejection in chest radiography. The main identified pitfall was lack of radiographer’s education and training in performing an examination and indicates a need to improve their performance. Key words: Digital Radiography, Chest X ray, Radiographic error, Image reject &nbsp

Impacted Mandibular Third Molars, A Nuisance to Neighbouring Mandibular Molars; A Radiographic Study

Objective: To know the distal caries in mandibular second molars due to impacted mandibular third molars and their association with the type of impaction of patients who visited a tertiary care dental centre in Lahore, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: 28 Military Dental Centre, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan from Dec 2020 to Nov 2021. Methodology: The dental records of 378 patients reported at 28 Military Dental Centres were retrieved from the data bank,then decoded and analysed. Results: Out of 378 patients, 242(64%) males and 136(36%) females were referred to Oral and Maxillofacial clinics of 28 MDC to undergo surgical extraction of mandibular third molar teeth. Mesio-angular 242(64%), depth Class-B 281(74.3%), and Ramal relationship I 224(59.3) were the most common impactions referred for surgical removal. 289(76.5%) impactions of all categories were unilateral. 178(73.6%) mesioangular impactions had neighbouring second molar distal caries on Orthopentomogram while none of the transverse impactions had neighbouring second molar caries. A significant association between angulation of impaction and neighbouring second molar caries has been noted (p<0.001). Conclusion: Increased mandibular second molar distal caries were noted adjacent to Mesioangular, depth B, Class 1 Ramal relationship mandibular wisdom tooth impaction. Keywords: Distal caries, Mesioangular impaction, Orthopantomograms, Radiographic study, Surgical extraction

Physiological and Biochemical Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Exogenic Application of Boron under Drought Stress

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during autumn 2011 to determine the response of maize to foliar application of boron under water stress conditions. The experimental site is located at 73.09 0 E longitudes, 31.25 0 N latitudes with semi-arid and sub-tropical climate. Foliar spray showed a non-significant effect on water relations parameters. No significant interaction was found among stress levels and treatments. Stress levels showed significant differences in P concentration. Imposition of water stress significantly reduced the leaf K + concentration in contrast with boron foliar application which increased its concentration.The results showed that water stress and boron foliar application both significantly affected phosphorus contents. Stress levels were significantly varied in B concentration. Application of boron significantly affected the stem amylase activity in both S 1 and S 2 stress level and interaction among the stress levels and boron foliar application was non-significant. The effect of stress levels on stem amylase concentration was non-significant. A significant effect of boron foliar application was observed on stem protein concentration in all stress levelswhile interaction among the stress levels and boron foliar application was non-significant.The effect of stress levels on stem protein concentration was non-significant. Application of B significantly affected the stem total soluble sugars in both stress levels S 1 and S 2 while interaction among the stress levels and boron foliar application was non-significant

Physiological and Biochemical Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Exogenic Application of Boron under Drought Stress

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during autumn 2011 to determine the response of maize to foliar application of boron under water stress conditions. The experimental site is located at 73.09 0 E longitudes, 31.25 0 N latitudes with semi-arid and sub-tropical climate. Foliar spray showed a non-significant effect on water relations parameters. No significant interaction was found among stress levels and treatments. Stress levels showed significant differences in P concentration. Imposition of water stress significantly reduced the leaf K + concentration in contrast with boron foliar application which increased its concentration.The results showed that water stress and boron foliar application both significantly affected phosphorus contents. Stress levels were significantly varied in B concentration. Application of boron significantly affected the stem amylase activity in both S 1 and S 2 stress level and interaction among the stress levels and boron foliar application was non-significant. The effect of stress levels on stem amylase concentration was non-significant. A significant effect of boron foliar application was observed on stem protein concentration in all stress levelswhile interaction among the stress levels and boron foliar application was non-significant.The effect of stress levels on stem protein concentration was non-significant. Application of B significantly affected the stem total soluble sugars in both stress levels S 1 and S 2 while interaction among the stress levels and boron foliar application was non-significant