Gonad morphology and histology of an endemic tooth-carp, Aphanius sophiae (Heckel, 1847) from Iran

This study presents the first details on morphological and histological characteristics of gonads and gonadal development stages of an endemic tooth-carp, Aphanius sophiae (Heckel, 1847) from a spring-stream system (south of Iran). The sampling was done from March 2012 to March 2013 using dip net, and a total of 226 individuals were collected. The gonads of specimens were removed, and then fixed in 10% formalin solution after checking their morphology and measuring their weights, lengths and widths. Based on the size, shape and weight of the gonads, degree of occupation of the body cavity, presence or absence of ripe oocytes or milt, diameter of the oocytes in the ovary, and histological observations, five stages of sexual maturation in females and males were determined by macroscopic and microscopic criteria. The results of the gonadal stages indicated that A. sophiae spawns at the beginning of spring

Gonad morphology and histology of an endemic tooth-carp, Aphanius sophiae (Heckel, 1847) from Iran

This study presents the first details on morphological and histological characteristics of gonads and gonadal development stages of an endemic tooth-carp, Aphanius sophiae (Heckel, 1847) from a spring-stream system (south of Iran). The sampling was done from March 2012 to March 2013 using dip net, and a total of 226 individuals were collected. The gonads of specimens were removed, and then fixed in 10% formalin solution after checking their morphology and measuring their weights, lengths and widths. Based on the size, shape and weight of the gonads, degree of occupation of the body cavity, presence or absence of ripe oocytes or milt, diameter of the oocytes in the ovary, and histological observations, five stages of sexual maturation in females and males were determined by macroscopic and microscopic criteria. The results of the gonadal stages indicated that A. sophiae spawns at the beginning of spring

The effects of Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia on blood indices

Background: Cell Blood Count (CBC) are performed with automatic analysers in laboratories.It works based on three principles electrical impedance, scatter light and flowcytometry. Many factors might affect results by these machines. This study was performed to assay the effect of some confounders on the results of analysers that work based on electrical resistance. Material and method: This analytical study (case- control) was conducted on 243 persons with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and 100 healthy persosn (control group) in Fateme Zahra Hospital in North of Iran, Golestan. First, Blood glucose and triglyceride were measured with biochemical analyser and CBC was performed for each person. Finally, Statistical analysis and comparison between two groups were performed with SPSS software. Resuts: Comparison between case and control group was shown that both hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia cause increase in&nbsp; Mean Cell Volume (MCV) and also hyperlipidemia can cause increase in Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Hemoglobin and Hematocrit (Hct) with (P<0.05) Conclusion: According to this study, confounding factors such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia can affect the results of analysers that work based on electrical impedance and it should be considered in laboratories

The effect of initial pressure on the thermal behavior of the silica aerogel/PCM/CuO nanostructure inside a cylindrical duct using molecular dynamics simulation

Amidst escalating fuel expenses and growing concerns over greenhouse gas pollution, the adoption of renewable alternative energy sources has become increasingly imperative. In response, scientists are fervently dedicated to identifying energy-saving solutions that are readily adaptable. Notably, silica aerogels have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in temperature management under both hot and cold conditions, while phase change materials are renowned for their capacity to store thermal energy. The study examines the effect of initial pressure on the thermal performance of silica aerogel/PCM/CuO nanostructure in a cylindrical duct. This was investigated using MD simulations and the LAMMPS software. The study will investigate several elements, such as density, velocity, temperature patterns, heat flux, thermal conductivity, and charge time or discharge time of the simulated structure. According to the results, with an increase in the initial pressure, the maximum density increases from 0.0838 atom/Å3 to 0.0852 atom/Å3, and the maximum velocity decreases from 0.0091 Å/fs to 0.0081 Å/fs. Also, the findings show that, by increasing the initial pressure, the temperature decreases from 931.42 K to 895.63 K, and thermal conductivity and heat flux decrease to 1.56 W/m.K and 56.66 W/m2 with increasing the initial pressure to 5 bar. Finally, the results show that charging time increases to 6.34 ns at 5 bar. The increase in charging time with increasing initial pressure may be attributed to the reduced mobility of particles within the structure as a result of the higher pressure. The findings of this study can help for a better understanding of energy-saving solutions, advanced thermal management systems, and the design of efficient energy storage technologies tailored to specific pressure-related operating conditions

Effects of Initial Temperature, Initial Pressure, and External Heat Flux on the Thermal Behavior of Ethanol/Biodiesel as Biomass Structures

The emergence of significant environmental problems, the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and the anticipation of price hikes have driven researchers to explore and adopt renewable fuels derived from biological sources. Such renewable energy sources include biomass, biodiesel (BD), ethanol, bioethanol (BE), among others. Biomass is a form of energy that can be obtained from waste or the cultivation of specific plants. Notably, BD fuel can be produced from organic sources, such as animal fats or waste oil from restaurants, which is a considerable advantage of BD. Moreover, BE is a non-toxic, safe, and biodegradable fuel, and ethanol produced biologically is referred to as BE, which represents a renewable fuel with a non-fossil origin. Against this backdrop, the upcoming research employs two types of alcoholic fuel, ethanol and BD, as biomass structures. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the study evaluated the effects of temperature (Temp), pressure (Press), and external heat flux (EHF) on thermal parameters, such as HF and thermal conductivity (TC). The evaluation results indicated that an increase in the initial temperature from 1800 to 2000 K led to higher mobility of the samples, resulting in an increase in the values of HF and TC from 488 to 551 W/m2 and 0.26–0.32 W/m.K, respectively. Similarly, raising the initial Press from 1 to 5 bar increased the number of oscillations and mobility of the structures, leading to increased HF and TC values from 488 to 551 W/m2 and 0.26–0.32 W/m.K, respectively. Notably, the EHF changes exhibited similar behavior. Additionally, a significant outcome was observed when the EHF rose from 1 to 5 W/m2. This increase in EHF led to a corresponding rise in the number of reactions occurring in the studied structure. As a result, the released heat intensified, leading to increased HF and TC values. Specifically, HF values rose from 503 to 538 W/m2, and TC increases from 0.28 to 0.31 W/m.K

Investigating the effect of size and number of layers of iron nanochannel on the thermal behavior and phase change process of calcium chloride/sodium sulfate hexa-hydrate with molecular dynamics simulation

Phase change material (PCM) is a material that has a specific melting point, and its latent heat of melting is large enough that it can be used to store thermal energy. This study investigated the effect of size (4–8 Å), and the number of layers (3–10 layers) of iron nanoparticles (NPs) channel on thermal behavior (TB) and phase change (PC) process of sodium sulfate/calcium chloride hexahydrate (Na2SO4/MgCl2·6H2O) PCM molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. By increasing the number of layers from 3 to 5, the maximum temperature and heat flux (HF) increased from 406 and 1471 W/m2 to 451.51 K and 1496 W/m2. By increasing the number of layers from 3 to 7 layers, the charging time (CT) and discharge time (DT) of atomic samples decreased from 4.01 ns and 4.25 ns to 3.88 ns and 4.17 ns. By adding the iron NPs with a radius of 4, 5, 6, and 8 Å, the maximum temperature increased to 420, 429, 458, and 503 K, respectively. By adding the iron NPs with different radii from 4 to 8 Å, the HF increased from 1566 W/m2 to 1657 W/m2. By adding the iron NPs into the Na2SO4/MgCl2·6H2O, the received HF increased, and the maximum temperature increased. By adding the iron NPs with different radii, the CT decreased from 3.95 ns to 3.73 ns. The DT increased from 4.33 ns to 4.36 ns by increasing the radius from 4 to 8 Å. According to the TB of this PCM, it should be used in refrigerants instead of toxic and dangerous refrigerants, such as ammonia and chlorofluorocarbon. Moreover, they were used for construction purposes for double-glazed windows

A computational study of the effect of external heat flux and electric field on the nano-pumping of C20 molecules in carbon nanotubes by molecular dynamics simulation

Nano-pump is a breakthrough that allows a tiny pump to transfer mass inside the atomic channels. These nanostructures can be used in various applications, such as drug delivery systems in clinical cases. Carbon nanotube (CNT) performance as a nano-pump sample was introduced here. For this purpose, Molecular Dynamics (MD) approach, and external heat flux/electric field effect on nano-pump performance were reported. Hence, various physical parameters, such as nano-pumping time, potential/kinetic energy, stress and entropy were reported to describe the nano-pumping performance of CNT samples. Technically, nano-pumping performance was detected by fullerene (C20) molecule displacement inside the NT. The MD outputs indicated by the heat flux implemented inside CNT, nano-pumping process effectively occur. The results show that by increasing the heat flux amplitude ratio from 0.1 to 0.5 W/m2, the displacement time of C20 molecule decreased from 7.49 to 6.96 ps. By amplitude enlarging, the kinetic energy of defined sample converged to 5.70014 eV. This procedure caused more atomic collisions inside the NT, and the nano-pumping process occurred in a smaller time. Furthermore, the electric field caused the nano-pumping process to be delayed in modeled systems. Numerically, by increasing the electric field, the nano-pumping process occurred after 7.85 ps. Increasing the electric field decreased the mechanical wave produced via Cu tip oscillation. This evolution caused the atomic force, and stress on the target particle converged to a lesser value, and the lattice stress value of modeled sample reached 2.12662 × 106 bar