National CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e budgets (2015-2020) inferred from atmospheric CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e observations in support of the global stocktake

Accurate accounting of emissions and removals of CO2 is critical for the planning and verification of emission reduction targets in support of the Paris Agreement. Here, we present a pilot dataset of country-specific net carbon exchange (NCE; fossil plus terrestrial ecosystem fluxes) and terrestrial carbon stock changes aimed at informing countries\u27 carbon budgets. These estimates are based on top-down NCE outputs from the v10 Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) modeling intercomparison project (MIP), wherein an ensemble of inverse modeling groups conducted standardized experiments assimilating OCO-2 column-Averaged dry-Air mole fraction (XCO2) retrievals (ACOS v10), in situ CO2 measurements or combinations of these data. The v10 OCO-2 MIP NCE estimates are combined with bottom-up estimates of fossil fuel emissions and lateral carbon fluxes to estimate changes in terrestrial carbon stocks, which are impacted by anthropogenic and natural drivers. These flux and stock change estimates are reported annually (2015-2020) as both a global 1gg×g1g gridded dataset and a country-level dataset and are available for download from the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites\u27 (CEOS) website: 10.48588/npf6-sw92 . Across the v10 OCO-2 MIP experiments, we obtain increases in the ensemble median terrestrial carbon stocks of 3.29-4.58gPgCO2yr-1 (0.90-1.25gPgCyr-1). This is a result of broad increases in terrestrial carbon stocks across the northern extratropics, while the tropics generally have stock losses but with considerable regional variability and differences between v10 OCO-2 MIP experiments. We discuss the state of the science for tracking emissions and removals using top-down methods, including current limitations and future developments towards top-down monitoring and verification systems

De enzymatische produktie van 100 tja mandelonitril uit HeN en benzaldehyde met optimale reactor configuratie

Document(en) uit de collectie Chemische ProcestechnologieDelftChemTechApplied Science

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics studies of the translocation mechanism of polyarginines across asymmetric membrane under tension

Understanding interactions between cell-penetrating peptides and biomembrane under tension can help improve drug delivery and elucidate mechanisms underlying fundamental cellular events. As far as the effect of membrane tension on translocation, it is generally thought that tension should disorder the membrane structure and weaken its strength, thereby facilitating penetration. However, our coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation results showed that membrane tension can restrain polyarginine translocation across the asymmetric membrane and that this effect increases with increasing membrane tension. We also analyzed the structural properties and lipid topology of the tensed membrane to explain the phenomena. Simulation results provide important molecular information on the potential translocation mechanism of peptides across the asymmetric membrane under tension as well as new insights in drug and gene delivery