30 research outputs found
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ
Forensic identification and modern biometric technologies have a common basis and have been closely developing together in various ways. Today new biometric technologies have emerged that utilize previously inaccessible properties and characteristics of humans. The article examines how forensic identification principles are applied in the creation of such new technologies.Promising areas of collaboration between forensic experts and biometric technology specialists include collaborative studying the frequency and identification significance of external human characteristics, as well as individual features of movements and actions, determined by habits and skills and used for forensic identification. They share common goals such as investigating the causes of erroneous identifications, exploring the ways to illegally bypass biometric security systems, and developing methods to counter criminal attacks.ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ.ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ: ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ
Patterns similar to the papillary patterns of human fingers, palms, and soles can be found in living and inanimate nature. Studying such patterns and the structure of the ridged skin of humans and primates in comparison with similar formations on other objects is necessary for forensic science, forensic traceology, fingerprinting, and biometric identification. The article analyzes the history of the study of the ridged skin of humans, primates, and other animals by forensic scientists, zoologists, anthropologists, and representatives of other sciences.The author proposes systemizing and classifying the information about the analogs of papillary patterns and ridged skin on such grounds as the genus and type of carrier objects, relief structure, degree of comparability with the papillary pattern of human hands and soles.The article presents the most indicative varieties of analogs of papillary patterns in mammals, birds, fish, insects, corals, plants, and fungi. The author has studied and systemized structural features of the striped pattern of the skin of tigers and zebras, crests and stripes in corals, stripes and ridged patterns in fish. The data obtained on ridge formations, which are similar in structure and shape to the papillary patterns of human fingers and palms, will help to avoid expert errors during fingerprinting examination or erroneous placement of images of such formations in forensic databases.Knowledge of the structural features and properties of striped patterns of skins of specially protected wild animals, as well as the crest surface of paleontological museum objects, should be used for their identification by photo and video images in cases of embezzlement, smuggling, illegal hunting, and illegal trafficking.Π£Π·ΠΎΡΡ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π², Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ±, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π΅Π±Ρ, Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ±. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ
.ΠΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎ- ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌ ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°Π½Π΄Π΅, Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°
The article discusses the fundamentals of traceological forensic analysis of visual artworks within both the framework of forensic traceological examination and comprehensive forensic research with the participation of expert-traceologists. Works of art are investigated to identify them, diagnose their condition, and establish the origin of various negative changes. Forensic traceology methods can play an essential role in the controversial attributions of paintings, drawings, and sculptures. The necessity and feasibility of developing a modern forensic traceological research methodology of fine artworks are substantiated.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ: ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΈ (1560β1635)
When describing the history of modern forensic science and practice, the vast majority of scientific and educational publications deservedly note the crucial role of the Austrian forensic investigator and Professor Hans Gross, who wrote and published Β«Guide for forensic investigators as a system of forensic scienceΒ» in 1893. However, long before Hans Gross, a book by the Florentine criminal judge Antonio Maria Cospi, Β«The Judge-CriminalistΒ», was published in Italy in 1643. In some Latin American and Italian publications devoted to the history of criminalistics, there are references to this book, but no descriptions of its contents or information about the author are given. This article makes an attempt to pay tribute to Kospiβs contribution to the formation and development of criminalistics.ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² 1893 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Β«Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉΒ». ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² 1643 Π³. Π² ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΈ Β«Π‘ΡΠ΄ΡΡ-ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΒ». Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ± Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
The article deals with the historical stages of development of international cooperation in the field of forensic activities, questions of its legal regulation in the Russian Federation at the present stage, as well as a strategy for further development of this cooperation. Identified five major historical stages in the development of international cooperation in the field of forensics. In order to create the legal basis of international forensic cooperation invited to complete a draft federal Law Β«On forensic activities in the Russian FederationΒ» the rules on carrying out forensic examinations of Russian experts for international justice institutions, the forensics examinations with the involvement of forensic experts of a foreign State, on the participation of Russian forensic experts in foreign and international non-governmental scientific and professional organizations of forensic experts. Proposed strategy for the development of international cooperation in the field of forensic activities.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ. Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° Β«Π ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ· Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ
The article contains a classification of international scientific events in the field of forensic science according to their specialization, territorial scope of participants, and periodicity, as well as information about the most prominent and auspicious gatherings of the international forensic science community, conducted in the form of conferences, seminars, symposia, congresses and round tables.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ
The paper examines the questions of forensic examination of state, departmental and otherΒ awards and decorations, including orders, medals and honorary badges. Investigation of such items isΒ usually organized along a comprehensive framework that draws on specialized knowledge from suchΒ diverse fields as forensic metal analysis, forensic gemology, historical and cultural analysis, toolmarkΒ analysis, and forensic commodity evaluation. Basic methodological provisions are discussed, along withΒ the possibilities of each forensic discipline when applied to the examination of these types of evidence,Β and required expert qualifications.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
,Β Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄: ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ βΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
.Β ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠ½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅
The authors present data on the forensic investigations conducted during the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, as well as evaluation and use of expert testimony by the Tribunal, and characterize the main types of forensic investigations conducted both prior to the Tribunal and in the course of the trials. Certain procedural aspects of ordering and conducting forensic examinations are examined. The authors show how Nuremberg's forensic legacy provided an important contribution to the organization of forensic support for international and internationalized criminal courts and tribunals created in the post-1990s period.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΡΡΠ½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ½Π°Π»Π°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π’ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; Π΄Π°Π½Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π’ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ½Π°Π»Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π’ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ 1990-Ρ
Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
The article discusses the interaction of lawyers involved in criminal defense and the international forensic community, the principles of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination. Information is provided on forensic aspects of the activities of the United Nations, the European Criminal Bar Association and a specific case of the participation of fingerprint experts from a range of countries in a unique case on protection of an innocent victim of an expert error is described. The importance of taking into account the cognitive bias of experts and other subjective factors, as well as the role of lawyers in assessing expert opinions, is noted. The main conclusions and recommendations on the interaction of the forensic and advocate communities in current conditions are presented.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²-Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²-Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅, ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π΅
The problem of establishing the identity of the anonymous author has always been a pressing task of criminalistics, forensic examination, literary and art studies. Since the end of the 19th century forensic scientists have been developing technical and tactical methods and means to recognize a person who is the author or at the same time author and performer of handwritten and typed texts, drawings, and audio messages. At present tactical, technical, and forensic support for the identification of the unknown author of computer materials, telecommunication messages and mailings are actively developing. Also, methods for applying artificial intelligence technologies during the investigative activities of this particular kind are being developed. The present article is devoted to an overview of the history, current state and prospects for the development of methods for obtaining information about a person from anonymous text and speech materials.ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° 19 Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌ