Carbon resilience calibration as a carbon management technology

In the path to a net-zero carbon and energy transition from fossil fuel, the world is facing a dilemma of growing global energy demand and required actions on climate-related risks. While over 80% of the current global energy needs are supplied by fossil fuels, the number of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) projects is limited in this sector. There is a huge gap between the scale and distribution of ongoing CCUS projects and the carbon intensity (CI) of energy-intensive industries. Furthermore, the climate impact of growing reliance on unconventional resources (Tar sands and shales) as well as the depletion of conventional resources poses challenges to the oil and gas sector to meet energy demand, while limiting their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. On the other hand, the economic viability of CCUS projects is highly sensitive to carbon credits policies, which are not yet fully integrated in a way to fill the current gap in the number, scale and distribution of these projects. Moreover, there is limited consistency between the allocated decarbonization funds and the anticipated economic growth of fossil fuel economies to promote wide-scale global resilience to carbon exposure. Therefore, it is essential to take climate-related risks, including socioeconomic impacts, into consideration for the decision-making process of companies and governments to embrace low-carbon energy. The focus of this article is on carbon resilience calibration and emissions scenario analysis in investment decisions to realize decarbonization goals through balancing short-term actions with long-term energy transition plans. The challenges and prospects of the application of CCUS technologies as an industrial decarbonization approach are discussed. Carbon footprint (CFP) observing, factoring and reporting workflows for correlating carbon exposure and resilience as part of climate assessment are introduced. Moreover, the main elements of carbon resilience scenarios are analyzed to fill the gap between the current industrial activities and decarbonization plans and to avoid making decisions solely based on economic aspects. Finally, we propose a workflow for carbon resilience calibration and a cash flow model for a sample CCUS project in the upstream oil and gas industry

EVALUATION OF COc-PHILIC FOA\1 SURFACT ANTS AS \10BILITY CONTROL AGENT

The focus of this thesis is on the evaluation of C02-philic surfactants for application in foam assisted C02-WAG injection, under immiscible conditions of a Malaysian reservoir case. The surfactant blending and addition of C02-philic functionalities in surfactant structure is investigated for this reservoir to enhance C02 mobility control, and to mitigate SAG operational problems in terms of foam-oil tolerance, limiting water saturation requirement, and sensitivity to reservOir conditions. The C02/oil system phase behavior analysis in tenns of viscosity reduction, IFT reduction, and C02 dissolution in immiscible conditions of the reservoir were experimentally investigated. The structure-property analyses of COr philic surfactant blends were perfonned in terms of C02 dissolution in aqueous phase, effect of surfactant on Oil/Water and Gas/Water interfaces, foamability and foam stability in the presence of oil at reservoir conditions. The theoretical entering, spreading, and bridging coefficients model was utilized for surfactant screening in tenns of foam stability in the presence of oil at desired pressure range and temperature conditions. Foam-induced C02 mobility control for different surfactants was tested in coreflood system to correlate MRF values and interfacial behavior of surfactants

EVALUATION OF COc-PHILIC FOA\1 SURFACT ANTS AS \10BILITY CONTROL AGENT

The focus of this thesis is on the evaluation of C02-philic surfactants for application in foam assisted C02-WAG injection, under immiscible conditions of a Malaysian reservoir case. The surfactant blending and addition of C02-philic functionalities in surfactant structure is investigated for this reservoir to enhance C02 mobility control, and to mitigate SAG operational problems in terms of foam-oil tolerance, limiting water saturation requirement, and sensitivity to reservOir conditions. The C02/oil system phase behavior analysis in tenns of viscosity reduction, IFT reduction, and C02 dissolution in immiscible conditions of the reservoir were experimentally investigated. The structure-property analyses of COr philic surfactant blends were perfonned in terms of C02 dissolution in aqueous phase, effect of surfactant on Oil/Water and Gas/Water interfaces, foamability and foam stability in the presence of oil at reservoir conditions. The theoretical entering, spreading, and bridging coefficients model was utilized for surfactant screening in tenns of foam stability in the presence of oil at desired pressure range and temperature conditions. Foam-induced C02 mobility control for different surfactants was tested in coreflood system to correlate MRF values and interfacial behavior of surfactants