Effects of Fasting on Glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone (GLP-1), and Lipid Profile Indices in Obese and Thin Women

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone (GLP-1) contributes to the regulation of insulin and glucose concentration. However, the effects of fasting on GLP-1 response in different people has not been determined yet. The aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of fasting on GLP-1 and the lipid profile of obese and thin women.Materials and methods: In this research, 25 obese and thin women whose age ranged from 35 to 45 years were selected through a convenient sampling method and were divided into two groups of obese (n=12, body mass index ˃30 kg/m2) and thin (n=13, body mass index=18-20 kg/m2). GLP-1 in both groups was measured in four phases: 3 days before the beginning of Ramadan, 14 days after the beginning of Ramadan, 28 days after the beginning of Ramadan and 2 weeks after the end of Ramadan. Repeated –measure ANOVA was used to statistically analyse the data. Results: GLP-1 was reduced from phase 1 to 3 of the research. However, it was increased after Ramadan. In the thin group, GLP-1 was increased in 14 days of fasting, but did not show any change at the end of Ramadan, and also two weeks after this month. However, none of these changes were statistically significant. The two groups did not diverge from each other significantly in any of the phases.Conclusion: The present findings showed that fasting has no significant effect on the GLP-1 and lipid profile indices of the obese and thin women

Validity and Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development - 3 in Children Aged 5 to 9 years in Iraq and a Comparison of the Development of Gross Motor Skills of Iranian and Iraqi Children

The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Iraqi version of the Gross Motor Development Test - Third Edition TGMD-3 in Iraqi children aged 5 to 9 years. The second aim of this study was to compare the development of gross motor skills of Iranian and Iraqi children. The participants were selected from 400 people by cluster sampling method from Iraq and were evaluated using TGMD-3 test. Finally, 30 Iraqis in the age group of 8-9 years were randomly selected and compared with a similar group of 30 Iranian children. Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, factor analysis and t-test were used to analyze the data. Internal consistency reliability coefficients for locomotor, ball skills and total scores were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.87; test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.89, 0.90 and 0.91; inter-rater reliability coefficients were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.88; intera-rater coefficients were 0.66, 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Also, there was no significant difference between the performance of Iranian and Iraqi children in the subtests of locomotor and ball skills and the total score of gross motor skills (P <0.05). Due to the confirmation of validity and reliability, this test can be used with confidence to evaluate the development of gross motor skills. The results obtained are limited to the Iraqi boy community of 5 to 9 years, and additional studies are needed in the future for use in the girl community and other age groups