Nutrition Therapy in Managing Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic and endocrine perinatal complication and is a growing health problem worldwide. Considering the fetal programming and its contribution as one of the evolutionary origins of human diseases, it is very important to improve the  glucose metabolism in pregnant women, determination of other nutrients, preventing excessive accumulation of fetal fats, emphasis on weight loss measures before pregnancy, dietary intake with low-fat healthy food and prevention of abundant weight loss. In this paper, we have provided a brief review on dietary intake and dietary interventions in GDM from the perspective of nutrition science attending the physiopathology and etiology of the disease. Materials and methods: Electronic search for English and Persian articles has been perform in databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed ,Scopus, Cochrane central ,Science direct, ISC, SID, Magiran, Iran Medex, and Med Libby key words: gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus, nutrition, macronutrient, micronutrient, Diabetes. All available articles (cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic, and clinical studies with desirable design and review quality studies were used. Reference books including Krause's Food and the Nutrition Care, The Williams Obstetrics editions of the 14th (2017) and the 24th edition (2014) were also reviewed. Results: Nutrition therapy and physical activity are the initial treatment of GDM. Proper and flexible methods of nutrition therapy that successfully regulate maternal glycaemia while improving expected fetal growth have extensive concepts. Meanwhile, dietary supplements with proven beneficial effects can play an important role in improving deficiencies and improving the metabolic profile of patients. Conclusion: Nutritional management is the main treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity is the principal contest in patient counseling and interventions during pregnancy. Despite extensive researches carried out, this field is an active research area and requires more clinical research to minimize maternal and fetal complications.

Association between Human Body Composition and Periodontal Disease

Obesity in humans might increase the risk of periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between body composition of males and their periodontal status. AS total of 150 males (aged 30–60) were selected: 31 were periodontally healthy, 45 had gingivitis, 39 had initial periodontitis, and 35 suffered from established periodontitis. BMI (body mass index), WC (waist circumference), and body composition parameters (consisting of body water, body fat, and skeletal muscle and bone mass) were measured. After adjusting for age, history of diabetes, smoking, physical activity status, and socioeconomic status, statistically significant correlations were found between periodontitis and BMI, WC, and body composition. There was only a statistically significant difference between the periodontal health and established periodontitis; that is, periodontal disease in mild forms (gingivitis) and initial periodontitis do not influence these variables (BMI, WC, and body composition parameters) and only the severe form of the disease influences the variables. These data suggest that there is a considerable association between severe forms of periodontal disease in males and their body composition, but this preliminary finding needs to be confirmed in more extensive studies

Manifestation of hemispheric laterality in chewing side preference and handedness

Introduction: Humans manifest a behavioral inclination towards more utility of one side of the body, in relation with the dominant hemisphere of the brain. The current investigation assessed handedness together with chewing preference which have not been evaluated in various food textures before. Methods: Nineteen young and healthy volunteers chewed hard (walnut) and soft (cake) foods, during surface electromyography recording from masseter muscles. The side of the first and all chews in the two food types were determined and compared with the side of the dominant hand. Results: Results indicated the two lateralities in the same side considerably (60%-70%), implying the solidarity in the control of the dominant hemisphere of the brain. The unilaterality was more prominent in the assessment of all chews in hard food, with higher statistical agreement and correlation. Conclusion: Thereupon masticatory preference is found with probable origins in the dominant hemisphere of the brain

مروری نظام‌مند بر مطالعات انجام گرفته در زمینه اسب‌درمانی (Hippotherapy) و گزارش توصیفی نتایج آن‌ها

چکیده مقدمه: اسب درمانی یکی از روشهای توانبخشی میباشد که در سالهای اخیر کاربرد زیادی یافته است. هدف مطالعه حاضر جمع بندی مطالعات و گزارش توصیفی نتایج اسب درمانی در درمان و توانبخشی ناتوانی ها و معلولیت ها میباشد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نوع مطالعات مروری نظام‌مند می‌باشد. اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق جستجو در پایگاه‌های داده‌ای: PubMed ، Medline، ,Cinahl , Web of knowledge , Science Directو SIDبا استفاده از کلیدواژه‌های hippotherapy، Equine- assisted therapy, Horseback riding, Horse riding , Therapeutic riding, و اسب درمانی جمع‌آوری گردید. بازه زمانی جمع‌آوری مقالات بین سال‌های 2012 – 1990 انتخاب گردید و در نهایت تعداد 35 مقاله وارد مطالعه گردید. مقالات انتخاب شده به طور کامل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و نتایج با استفاده از (Extraction table) استخراج، خلاصه‌سازی و گزارش گردید. یافته‌ها: میانگین تعداد نمونه‌ها برای هر مطالعه برابر با 5/22 نفر بود. میانگین مدت زمان مداخله برای هر مطالعه نیز برابر با 16/13 هفته بود. بیشترین گروه سنی مورد مطالعه کودکان بودند و بیشترین ناتوانی بررسی شده نیز فلج نخاعی بود. در 33 مطالعه (حدود94%) نتایج مطالعات نشان دهنده تاثیر مثبت و اثربخش اسب درمانی بود. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج مطالعات بررسی شده اسب درمانی تاثیر مثبتی در توانبخشی داشته و این اثربخشی در مواردی مانند فلج نخاعی، ثبات سر و اندام‌های فوقانی، مالتیپل اسکلروسیز، ناتوانی‌های فیزیکی و ... مشاهده می‌شود. با این وجود مطالعات صورت گرفته در این زمینه محدود بوده و نمی‌توان با این تعداد نتیجه‌گیری کرد و نیاز به انجام مطالعات بیشتر در این زمینه می‌باشد. کلیدواژه‌ها: اسب درمانی، روش‌های توانبخشی، مروری نظام‌مند، گزارش توصیفی، ناتوانی و مصدومی

Report: Holding clinical competency examination among medical students in Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz, Iran

Introduction: The purpose of evaluating educational curriculums is to improve training programs. The application of the results obtained from these evaluations is the proof of success or failure of the program. This study was carried out to report codification of operational plan of the clinical competence examination for medical students. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the operating process of evaluation program is explained by details step by step. This survey was based on a questionnaire collected from 200 participants of the first clinical competence examination of medical students. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Of all the participants, 55.8% of were female and 44.2% were male. There was no statistically significant difference in score averages between male and female students (14.55 ± 1.72 vs.14.55 ± 1.3; P = 0.970). Mean pre-internship exam score among male students was 126.73 ± 21.04 and 128.18 ± 20.96 among female students, and the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.630). There was a statistically significant but weak correlation between examination and pre-internship scores (r = 0.27, P < 0.001). Exam scores were statistically higher as the absent sessions of students decreased (P = 0.010).Conclusion: Codification of the administrative process and consequently obtaining results has been effective in success of evaluation program and application of the results in future programs. Also it informs authorities how much the goals of training program is satisfied and reminds the necessity of execution of corrective programs