Bone mineral density and bone morphology after 5 weeks of treatment in ZDF rats.

<p>(A) Whole body bone mineral density (BMD) after treatments with control, vildagliptin (10mg/kg/day), pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day), and combination (vidalgliptin 10 mg/kg/day and pioglitazone 30 mg/kg/day), (B) Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) of femur after treatments with control, vildagliptin, pioglitazone, and combination. All data represented as Mean ± SD. *<i>p</i> < 0.05 compared with control group. ^$$<i>p</i> < 0.01 compared with pioglitazone group.</p

Bone histomorphometric results in ZDF rats.

<p>Bone histomorphometric results in ZDF rats.</p

Active GLP-1, bone turnover markers (osteocalcin and TRAP 5b), and sclerostin levels in ZDF rats.

<p>(A) serum active GLP-1 levels, (B) serum osteocalcin levels, (C) serum TRAP5b levels, (D) serum sclerostin levels. Blood sampling was done after 5 weeks of treatment with control, vildagliptin (10 mg/kg/day), pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day) and combination (vildagliptin 10 mg/kg/day and pioglitazone 30 mg/kg/day). And all data represented as Mean ± SD. *<i>p</i> < 0.05 ***, <i>p</i> < 0.001 compared with control group. ^$ <i>p</i> < 0.005, ^$$ <i>p</i> < 0.01, ^$$$ <i>p</i> < 0.0001 versus pioglitazone group.</p

Changes in blood glucose level and body weight during the treatment in ZDF rats.

<p>(A) Change in blood glucose level during the treatment with control, vildagliptin (10 mg/kg/day), pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day), and combination (vidalgliptin 10 mg/kg/day and pioglitazone 30 mg/kg/day), (B) Change in body weight during the treatment with control, vildagliptin, pioglitazone, and combination. All data represented as Mean ± SD. * <i>p</i> < 0.05, ** <i>p</i> < 0.01, *** <i>p</i> < 0.001 (combination group) and ^# <i>p</i> < 0.05, ^## <i>p</i> < 0.01, ^### <i>p</i> < 0.001 (pioglitazone group) compared with control group.</p

Glucose profile and insulin secretion after 5-week treatment in ZDF rats.

<p>(A) Glucose profile in IPGTT (glucose 2g/kg) before treatment (B) Glucose profile in IPGTT (glucose 2 g/kg) after treatment with control, vildagliptin (10 mg/kg/day), pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day), and combination (vidalgliptin 10 mg/kg/day and pioglitazone 30 mg/kg/day). (C) AUC of glucose during the IPGTT after treatment (D) serum insulin level at 0 and 15 min in IPGTT after treatment. All data represented as Mean ± SD. **<i>p</i> < 0.01 and ***<i>p</i> < 0.001 (combination group) and ^### <i>p</i> < 0.001 (pioglitazone group) compared with control group. ^$$<i>p</i> < 0.01, ^$$$<i>p</i> < 0.001 compared with control group.</p