Effect of fluidised bed drying on ginsenoside content in hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a high‐value herb with many pharmacological benefits due to its primary active compound, ginsenosides. The most ginsenosides are known to be thermolabile and susceptible to degradation at high‐temperature processing. Our previous studies revealed that the optimum parameters related to the P. ginseng tissue culture protocol, particularly for hairy root propagation of Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng (CRMG)‐88, was using a lab‐scale bioreactor. The next stage involves screening for a suitable post‐harvest treatment, i.e., drying, will be production of the best quality ginsenoside content. This study therefore aimed to examine the ginsenoside content by using a fluidised bed dryer (FBD) on the ginseng roots. Our results showed that FBD produced a significantly higher of total ginsenoside content (5.386 ± 1.167%), compared to control (3.750 ± 0.641%). FBD‐dried CRMG‐88 also appeared lighter in colour and more voluminous with a Loss on Drying (LOD) of 6.448 ± 1.900%. This study concluded that fluidised bed drying is superior in retaining ginsenoside content and has the potential for large‐scale application

Initiation of Red Ginger Callus (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. rubrum Rosc.) from Various Explants

The increasing demand for red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. rubrum Rosc.) both at the domestic and international levels has led to the need for gingerol production, a main compound of red ginger, which has various pharmacological activities. The urgency of this research is related to gingerol produced in cultivated red ginger, which often shows variability in quantity due to genetic variation and differences in geographical and environmental conditions where it is grown, so it requires gingerol standardization efforts. Through tissue culture techniques, it is possible to propagate plants in a controlled environment, ensuring genetic uniformity and minimizing variations caused by genetic factors. Red ginger raw materials that can be produced consistently, quickly, and land-efficiently with high gingerol content and pesticide-free have become an essential economic necessity. In this joint study with PT. Bintang Toedjoe, researchers intend to utilize root culture bioprocessing technology to increase gingerol production from red ginger. Root cultures have stabile genetics and growth faster; thus, these techniques imply the formation of organs or structures conducive to enhanced gingerol production. Our research has revealed successful protocols for inducing and multiplying suitable callus for organogenesis. Through the application of hormones, the best callus induction is using a combination of 3 ppm 2,4-D and 0.2 ppm BA with a callus production percentage of 67%. On the other hand, a satisfactory callus multiplication rate was used using 1 ppm 2,4-D with the most significant increase in explant area (79 mm2) by ruler alignment. Meanwhile, the rooting response was prominent at 1 ppm 2,4-D + 3 ppm BA

Initiation of Red Ginger Callus (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Rosc.) from Various Explants

The increasing demand for red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. rubrum Rosc.) both at the domestic and international levels has led to the need for gingerol production, a main compound of red ginger, which has various pharmacological activities. The urgency of this research is related to gingerol produced in cultivated red ginger, which often shows variability in quantity due to genetic variation and differences in geographical and environmental conditions where it is grown, so it requires gingerol standardization efforts. Through tissue culture techniques, it is possible to propagate plants in a controlled environment, ensuring genetic uniformity and minimizing variations caused by genetic factors. Red ginger raw materials that can be produced consistently, quickly, and land-efficiently with high gingerol content and pesticide-free have become an essential economic necessity. In this joint study with PT. Bintang Toedjoe, researchers intend to utilize root culture bioprocessing technology to increase gingerol production from red ginger. Root cultures have stabile genetics and growth faster; thus, these techniques imply the formation of organs or structures conducive to enhanced gingerol production. Our research has revealed successful protocols for inducing and multiplying suitable callus for organogenesis. Through the application of hormones, the best callus induction is using a combination of 3 ppm 2,4-D and 0.2 ppm BA with a callus production percentage of 67%. On the other hand, a satisfactory callus multiplication rate was used using 1 ppm 2,4-D with the most significant increase in explant area (79 mm2) by ruler alignment. Meanwhile, the rooting response was prominent at 1 ppm 2,4-D + 3 ppm BA

Tobacco resistance gene expression levels in response to the infection of Phytophthora nicotianae

One of the main obstacles often encountered in efforts to increase productivity and quality of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) yields is the attack of black shank disease by the oomycetes Phytophthora nicotianae. So far, what has been done mainly by tobacco cultivators is the observation of resistance through calculating the rate of death or disease of plants due to pathogen attack, so research is needed to determine the resistance profile of local varieties of tobacco to black shank disease in molecular stage to speed up the screening process of tobacco varieties. This study aim to determine the gene expression profile related to resistance in tobacco varieties Beinhart 1000, Hick Broadleaf, and two local varieties, namely Dark 302 and Dark 314, in response to black shank disease. The research consisted of preparing tobacco and P.nicotianae inoculum, artificial inoculation, followed by semi-quantitative analysis of gene expression related to tobacco resistance, PR1, PR4, PLP2, and PUB24. Tobacco resistant variety, Beinhart 1000, expressed a relatively 285% higher PR1 significantly than the control. The length of time of infection showed that PR1, PR4, PLP2, and PUB24 genes were expressed temporally, and the dynamic

United States Department of Agriculture

Four flake furnishes differing in either target length and width or in production methods were combined and degraded to establish 13 different furnish types. Samples from each furnish type were then examined using image analysis techniques. By ranking the data from smallest to largest, percentile values were obtained for long chord, width, area, and perimeter. Cumulative distribution curves visually presented the difference in these geometric descriptors between furnish types. Data were analyzed to determine the descriptors most useful in predicting the flake alignment potential as well as the board properties of bending modulus of elasticity, shear stress, thickness swell, and linear expansion. Keywords: flake furnish, characterization, image analysis, flake geometry, board properties September 1999 Geimer, Robert L.; Evans, James W.; Setiabudi, Dody. 1999. Flake furnish characterization---Modeling board properties with geometric descriptors. Res. Pap. FPL--RP--577. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 36 p. A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705--2398. Laboratory publications are sent to hundreds of libraries in the United States and elsewhere. The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, p..

Effect of fluidised bed drying on ginsenoside content in hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a high‐value herb with many pharmacological benefits due to its primary active compound, ginsenosides. The most ginsenosides are known to be thermolabile and susceptible to degradation at high‐temperature processing. Our previous studies revealed that the optimum parameters related to the P. ginseng tissue culture protocol, particularly for hairy root propagation of Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng (CRMG)‐88, was using a lab‐scale bioreactor. The next stage involves screening for a suitable post‐harvest treatment, i.e., drying, will be production of the best quality ginsenoside content. This study therefore aimed to examine the ginsenoside content by using a fluidised bed dryer (FBD) on the ginseng roots. Our results showed that FBD produced a significantly higher of total ginsenoside content (5.386 ± 1.167%), compared to control (3.750 ± 0.641%). FBD‐dried CRMG‐88 also appeared lighter in colour and more voluminous with a Loss on Drying (LOD) of 6.448 ± 1.900%. This study concluded that fluidised bed drying is superior in retaining ginsenoside content and has the potential for large‐scale application

The effect of C(s) on the trapping of NOx onto Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalysts

Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalysts react with NO/O2 mixtures to form barium nitrites and nitrates. In the presence of small amounts of C(s) admixed with the catalyst the concentrations of NOx adsorbed is considerably reduced and the stability of the stored NOx is decreased. These results suggest that there are important implications for any attempts to combine NSR and particulate combustion systems within a single catalytic system. Furthermore, it is clear that there are significant concentrations of mobile NOx species present in the environs of the NOx trap prior to fixation on BaO, i.e. the transfer between NO2 formed on the Pt component of the trap and the “fixed” NOx in Ba(NO3)2 involves significant concentrations of gaseous or surface mobile NO2.DG15/11/1