Evolution of a fluvial-dominated delta during the Oligocene of the Colombian Caribbean: Sedimentological and ichnological signatures in well-cores

We would like to thank Dr. Pazos (JSAES Guest Editor) and two anonymous reviewers by constructive comments and suggestions. Thanks to the National Hydrocarbons Agency-ANH, and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion-Minciencias to allow the study of well-core (project Contrato RC 494-2017) . The Vicerrectoria de Inves-tigaciones y Posgrados and the Instituto de Investigaciones en Estrati-grafia-IIES of Universidad de Caldas gave economic and logistic support. The research was conducted within the "Ichnology and Palaeoenviron-ment RG" (UGR) . Financial support of Rodriguez-Tovar was provided by scientific Projects CGL 2015-66835-P and CTM 2016-75129-C3-2-R (Secretaria de Estado de I + D + I, Spain) , and B-RNM-072-UGR18 (FEDER Andalucia) , and Research Group RNM-178 (Junta de Andalucia) . Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. Thanks to Fabian Gallego for his contribution in some sedimentological discussions.Basin analysis from Colombian Caribbean is particularly important given the interest in finding hydrocarbon reservoirs, but their complex geological evolution, and the frequent lateral and vertical variation of facies difficult a conclusive characterization, highlights the need for detailed sedimentological and ichnological studies. The study succession corresponds to an interval of a well core drilled in the south of the Sinu-San Jacinto Basin (Colombian Caribbean), with 1069 ft (similar to 326 m) thick of an Oligocene siliciclastic succession, interpreted in general terms, as deposited in a deltaic system. The integrated sedimentological/ichnological analysis allows the differentiation of dominant facies, with predominant lithologies such as conglomerates, sandstones, mudrocks, bioclastic sediments, as well as coal beds. The ichnological assemblage is low in abundance and moderately diverse, composed by Conichnus, Cylindrichnus, Dactyloidites, Macaronichnus, Ophiomorpha, Phycosiphon, Skolithos, Taenidium, Teichichnus, and Thalassinoides, as well as rhizoliths. The complexity of the sedimentary system is reflected in its evolution throughout the Oligocene. A type succession with coarsening-upward trend was identified and it is repeated through the succession studied. It presents a general trend from bioclastic sediments (bioclastic conglomerates, sandstones and mudrocks) that pass into horizontal lamination and massive mudrocks occasionally bioturbated by Phycosiphon, and interbedded by mudrocks and sandstones with lenticular bedding, and the occurrence of Teichichnus. Above, bioturbated muddy sandstones with Ophiomorpha, Taenidium, Thalassinoides, and rarely Teichichnus, muddy sandstones with planar cross-lamination, and horizontal lamination sandstones with Dactyloidites, Ophiomorpha, Skolithos, and Thalassinoides are registered. Transition to carbonaceous mudrocks with Teichichnus, coal medium beds, and fine-to coarse-grained sandstones sometimes with Macaronichnus and/or Ophiomorpha is observed. Towards the top, are observed mudrocks with rhizoliths. This succession is interrupted by massive and horizontal lamination sandstones with low bioturbation index generated by the ichnological assemblage and/or by the exclusive occurrence of Ophiomorpha and/or Taenidium. Massive sandstones with erosive bases, asymmetrical ripples, and high content of organic debris are occasionally recorded. This succession reflects a progradational trend similar to those of fluvial-dominated deltaic sequences. Detailed analysis revealed that even the fluvial processes were dominant in the deltaic system; however, local tidal and wave influence is recorded. Moreover, integration of sedimentological and ichnological information allows characterizing the evolution of the different sub-environments of the deltaic system, as prodelta bay, distal delta front, proximal delta front, distributary channels, mouth bars, and lower delta plain, and this is essential for areas of economic interest.Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion-Minciencias RC 494-2017Secretaria de Estado de I + D + I, Spain CGL 2015-66835-P- CTM 2016-75129-C3-2-RFEDER Andalucia B-RNM-072-UGR18Junta de Andalucia RNM-178Universidad de Granada/CBU

Coarse-grained submarine channels: from confined to unconfined flows in the Colombian Caribbean (late Eocene)

Submarine channel mouth settings are hardly preserved in the stratigraphic record. Although they are still poorly known with respect to other segments of turbidite systems, conceptual models are being refined in the light of newdiscoveries inmodern and ancient examples. Still, some questions such as the transition between expansion zones and the traditional Channel-Lobe Transition Zone (CLTZ) remains open in ancient systems. Upper Eocene deposits of the Colombian Caribbean (San Jacinto Fold Belt) are interpreted here as a fan-delta-fed, submarine, coarse-grained channel-lobe system. It displays a well-preserved channel inception stage in the shelf break represented by sigmoidal to lens-shaped gravels, and planar cross-stratified pebbly sandstones (foreset and backset) interpreted as cyclic steps in an expansion zone. In a later stage, a classical channel-levee complex was developed, represented by channel fill elements showing sharp- and erosional-based, fining-upward sequences that aremeters thick, having basal massive matrix-supported pebble conglomerates (hard—extrabasinal—clasts, rip-up clasts, coastal bioclasts), vertically evolving to liquefied massive to planar-laminated coarse-grained sandstones with phytodetrital carbonaceous laminae. They are interpreted as concentrated flow deposits (high-density turbidites) coming from continental areas or from coastal systems (i.e., delta reworking). Undifferentiated channel belt thin-bedded turbidites associated with levees and terraces deposits are related to these confined systems. The channel-lobe transition zone is characterized by debrites from cohesionless debris flow in a channelmouth bar setting, representing bypass processes that developed distally into low-angle, planar cross- and sigmoidally- stratified (upstream antidune) pebble-size to coarse-grained sandstones that fill low-angle scours (cut-and-fill structures) in an antidune field settingwith supercritical conditions.When the currents lose channel confinement, the setting is characterized by changes fromFroude supercritical to subcritical flowconditions in an inner lobe to lobe off-axis environment. Large seasonal fluctuations in precipitation favor high sediment concentrations, promoting the formation of volumetrically significant fan deltas and coarse-grained submarine channels with high erosive capacity; therefore, their record helps refine interpretations of depositional processes, providing criteria for recognizing areas of the turbiditic systems that are hardly preserved. The particular aggradational conditions for the preservation and stratigraphic characterization of the rare exhumed submarine channelmouth systems make it possible to decipher sediment dispersal patterns and thus connect the models proposed here, from supercritical systems to the traditional models of turbiditic systems.National Programfor Doctoral Formation (Minciencias Colombia grants 885-2020, 906-2021)Project PID2019-104625RB-100 (funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)Project P18-RT-4074 (funded by FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento)Projects B-RNM-072-UGR18 and A-RNM-368-UGR20 (funded by FEDER Andalucía)Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBU

Diseño de una red de sensores inalámbricos para el despliegue óptimo de los nodos sensores en un cultivo de Cacao

In this study, factorial experiments were conducted in two different scenarios to design a Wireless Sensor Network for monitoring a cocoa crop in a rural area in Colombia. Node sensors measured temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, Ultra-Violet light, and visible light intensity. The factors considered in the experiments were distance between node sensors, height from the ground, and type of antenna; in turn, Received Signal Strength Indicator and data transfer time were the outputs. The wireless sensor network was deployed in the crop, covering approximately 3 % of the area and using 7 different nodes in a cluster tree topology. First, an open field scenario with line of sight was used to determine the appropriate height of the node sensors. Second, a scenario in the actual cocoa crop was utilized to find the appropriate distance between modules and type of antenna. We found, based on our calculations and experimental data, that a height of 1.25 m was required to avoid the Fresnel zone and improve the RSSI of the network. Furthermore, we determined that a distance below 35 m was needed to guarantee signal reception and avoid long data transfer times. The wire antenna exhibited a better performance. Finally, the proposed methodology and monitoring system can be used for agronomic applications in rural areas in Colombia to increase crop yield.En este trabajo se realizaron experimentos factoriales en dos escenarios diferentes, para diseñar una red de sensores inalámbricos, que permita monitorear un cultivo de cacao en una zona rural de Colombia. Los nodos sensores miden la temperatura, la humedad relativa, la humedad del suelo, la luz ultravioleta y la intensidad de la luz visible. Los factores considerados en los experimentos fueron la distancia entre los nodos sensores, la altura con respecto al suelo y el tipo de antena; el indicador de intensidad de señal recibida y el tiempo de transferencia de datos fueron las salidas. La red de sensores inalámbricos se implementó en el cultivo, cubriendo aproximadamente el 3 % del área, utilizando 7 nodos diferentes en una topología de cluster-tree. En primer lugar, se utilizó un escenario de campo abierto con línea de vista para determinar la altura adecuada de los sensores de nodo. Luego, se utilizó un escenario en el cultivo de cacao real para encontrar la distancia adecuada entre los módulos y el tipo de antena. Se obtuvo, por cálculos y datos experimentales, que se requería una altura de 1.25 m para evitar la zona de Fresnel y mejorar el RSSI de la red. Además, se determinó que se necesitaba una distancia inferior a 35 m para garantizar la recepción de la señal y evitar largos tiempos de transferencia de datos. Adicionalmente, la antena tipo Wire exhibió un mayor rendimiento y la metodología propuesta y el sistema de monitoreo se pueden usar para aplicaciones agronómicas en áreas rurales de Colombia, con el fin de aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos

ESTRATIGRAFÍA DEL NEÓGENO SUPERIOR AL SUR DE LA CUENCA TUMACO (PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO): LA FORMACIÓN CASCAJAL, PROPUESTA DE REDEFINICIÓN LITOESTRATIGRÁFICA

The stratigraphic knowledge of the sedimentary fill of the Tumaco onshore fore-arc basin is relatively poor. Previous works are based on the study of seismic lines and wells for hydrocarbon exploration with minor emphasis on the surface segments. We present a detailed study of the late Miocene - Pliocene rocks that outcrop in the southern Tumaco basin. New stratigraphicdata from the ANH-Tumaco 1-ST-S well represent the most complete and best preserved sections for this time interval. This information is integrated with new data from descriptions of ~200 m of stratigraphic sections visited in the coastal cliffs of the Tumaco bay and the Patia river. The detailed descriptions of these locations following parameters from stratigraphic codes allow us to propose the use of the term Cascajal Formation to refer to volcanoclastic rocks of Messinian – Zanclean age. This succession, with an estimated thickness of up to 405 m, is composed mainly of thick lenticular and undulated layers of sandstones and conglomerates, with an important volcanic input. Minor interbedded mudstones and muddy sandstones are present too. Locally, ichnofossils, bivalves, gastropods, foraminifera, echinoderms, crustaceans and well-preserved plant remains were preserved, interpreted as formed in a deltaic system influenced by volcanism.  El conocimiento estratigráfico del relleno sedimentario del segmento onshore de la cuenca de ante-arco Tumaco es poco conocido y los trabajos existentes se fundamentan en el estudio de líneas sísmicas y pozos para la exploración de hidrocarburos, haciendo poco énfasis en las unidades más superficiales. Se presenta el estudio detallado de las rocas del Mioceno superior – Plioceno expuestas en el sector sur de la cuenca Tumaco. Los nuevos datos estratigráficos del pozo ANH-Tumaco 1-ST-S representan la sección más completa y mejor preservada de este intervalo de tiempo. Se integró esta información con nuevos datos de ~200 m de secciones estratigráficas levantadas en afloramientos de los acantilados de la bahía de Tumaco y del río Patía. A partir de la descripción detallada de estas localidades, y siguiendo los parámetros de los códigos estratigráficos, se propone emplear el término Formación Cascajal para referirse a las rocas volcanoclásticas de edad Messiniense parte superior a Zancliense. Esta sucesión con un espesor observado de hasta 405 m está conformada principalmente por gruesos estratos lenticulares y ondulados de arenitas y conglomerados, con alto contenido de detritos volcánicos, en menor proporción, interestratificaciones de lodolitas y arenitas lodosas, localmente con icnofósiles y fósiles de bivalvos, gasterópodos, foraminíferos, equinodermos, crustáceos y restos de plantas bien conservadas, depositados en un ambiente de sedimentación deltaico influenciado por vulcanismo. &nbsp

ESTRATIGRAFÍA DEL NEÓGENO SUPERIOR AL SUR DE LA CUENCA TUMACO (PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO): LA FORMACIÓN CASCAJAL, PROPUESTA DE REDEFINICIÓN LITOESTRATIGRÁFICA

The stratigraphic knowledge of the sedimentary fill of the Tumaco onshore fore-arc basin is relatively poor. Previous works are based on the study of seismic lines and wells for hydrocarbon exploration with minor emphasis on the surface segments. We present a detailed study of the late Miocene - Pliocene rocks that outcrop in the southern Tumaco basin. New stratigraphicdata from the ANH-Tumaco 1-ST-S well represent the most complete and best preserved sections for this time interval. This information is integrated with new data from descriptions of ~200 m of stratigraphic sections visited in the coastal cliffs of the Tumaco bay and the Patia river. The detailed descriptions of these locations following parameters from stratigraphic codes allow us to propose the use of the term Cascajal Formation to refer to volcanoclastic rocks of Messinian – Zanclean age. This succession, with an estimated thickness of up to 405 m, is composed mainly of thick lenticular and undulated layers of sandstones and conglomerates, with an important volcanic input. Minor interbedded mudstones and muddy sandstones are present too. Locally, ichnofossils, bivalves, gastropods, foraminifera, echinoderms, crustaceans and well-preserved plant remains were preserved, interpreted as formed in a deltaic system influenced by volcanism.  El conocimiento estratigráfico del relleno sedimentario del segmento onshore de la cuenca de ante-arco Tumaco es poco conocido y los trabajos existentes se fundamentan en el estudio de líneas sísmicas y pozos para la exploración de hidrocarburos, haciendo poco énfasis en las unidades más superficiales. Se presenta el estudio detallado de las rocas del Mioceno superior – Plioceno expuestas en el sector sur de la cuenca Tumaco. Los nuevos datos estratigráficos del pozo ANH-Tumaco 1-ST-S representan la sección más completa y mejor preservada de este intervalo de tiempo. Se integró esta información con nuevos datos de ~200 m de secciones estratigráficas levantadas en afloramientos de los acantilados de la bahía de Tumaco y del río Patía. A partir de la descripción detallada de estas localidades, y siguiendo los parámetros de los códigos estratigráficos, se propone emplear el término Formación Cascajal para referirse a las rocas volcanoclásticas de edad Messiniense parte superior a Zancliense. Esta sucesión con un espesor observado de hasta 405 m está conformada principalmente por gruesos estratos lenticulares y ondulados de arenitas y conglomerados, con alto contenido de detritos volcánicos, en menor proporción, interestratificaciones de lodolitas y arenitas lodosas, localmente con icnofósiles y fósiles de bivalvos, gasterópodos, foraminíferos, equinodermos, crustáceos y restos de plantas bien conservadas, depositados en un ambiente de sedimentación deltaico influenciado por vulcanismo. &nbsp

Complicaciones posoperatorias de la exodoncia en pacientes tratados en la clínica de la asignatura de Cirugía A (FOUNLP)

La exodoncia es la parte de la cirugía dentomaxilar que, mediante técnica e instrumental adecuado, practica la avulsión de un diente o porción del mismo; involucra tejidos bucales blandos y duros, principalmente su alveolo dentario. Está indicada en aquellas piezas dentarias que no puedan ser tratados conservadoramente y contraindicada en pacientes con patologías agudas (locales o generales) o con patologías crónicas no compensada. Las principales complicaciones registradas son: la alveolitis (ya sea seca o húmeda) y la hemorragia; de dichas complicaciones la alveolitis es la complicación más frecuente de la exodoncia dentaria. Este trabajo tiene pretende describir la frecuencia de alveolitis dentaria y relacionarla con edad, sexo, grupo dentario, localización maxilar y tabaco.Facultad de Odontologí

Control adaptativo para optimizar una intersección semafórica basado en un sistema embebido

In order to optimize the traffic flow on a road intersection, an adaptive control algorithm and a data base were designed; both components were hosted on a Raspberry Pi B+ embedded system. The data base helps to debug the performance of the controller. The efficiency of the algorithm was assessed using a virtual instrument, which emulated a traffic light intersection in the city of Cucuta, i. e., the magnetorresistive sensors, the activation process of the traffic lights and the traffic flow. By processing and updating the times assigned to the traffic lights, the traffic flow was increased up to 5.5 % and the maximum time a vehicle has to wait before passing through the traffic light was decreased up to 28 seconds. Aditionally the length of line was diminished up to 18 %. Based on this case study, it can be inferred that is possible to integrate the adaptive control and the embedded systems as software and hardware tools to improve the operation of traffic control systems.Para optimizar el flujo vehicular en una intersección vial se diseñaron un algoritmo de control adaptativo y una base de datos que apoya la depuración del rendimiento del controlador, ambos alojados en el sistema embebido Raspberry Pi B+. El desempeño del algoritmo fue evaluado con un instrumento virtual, que emuló una intersección semafórica de la ciudad de Cúcuta, esto es, los sensores magnetorresistivos, el proceso de encendido en las luces de los semáforos y el flujo vehicular. La manipulación de los tiempos de encendido en las luces de los semáforos, aumentó el flujo vehicular hasta 5.5% y, disminuyó el tiempo máximo de espera del vehículo para avanzar hasta 28 segundos y el largo de fila hasta un 18%. Con base en el caso de estudio, se puede inferir que es posible integrar el control adaptativo y los sistemas embebidos como herramientas de software y hardware para mejorar el funcionamiento en los sistemas de regulación vial