Sustainable Development of Society and Russian Philosophy: Educational Aspect

The purpose of the article is to project the general statements of the philosophical tradition and domestic psychological schools of thought on the specific situation of teaching and education, as well as to compare the historically emerging ideas of upbringing and education with modern approaches, and to trace the genetic connection and the continuity of ideas. In this context, it is possible to draw conclusions and learn lessons for the development of the modern pedagogical situation. The research results are novel and practically significant, since the main conclusion is the choice of a methodological basis for teaching natural sciences with a view to the sustainable development of society as a whole and within the framework of subject-subject relationship in particular. According to the chosen methodology, teaching information about sustainable development involves a set of interconnected methods for the purpose of their application in the educational process so to access each student individually. A special contribution of the authors is a comparative analysis of approaches to training and education, which result in the sustainable development of society. Keywords: Man, nature, society, biosphere, co-evolution, personality-activity approach, subject-subject relationship, sustainable development, Russian philosophy, student

Studying radiation hardness of a cadmium tungstate crystal based radiation detector

The given article considers radiation hardness of an X-ray detector used in production of non-destructive testing instruments and inspection systems. In the course of research, experiments were carried out to estimate radiation hardness of a detector based on cadmium tungstate crystal and its structural components individually. The article describes a layout of an experimental facility that was used for measurements of radiation hardness. The radiation dose dependence of the photodiode current is presented, when it is excited by a light flux of a scintillator or by an external light source. Experiments were carried out to estimate radiation hardness of two types of optical glue used in detector production; they are based on silicon rubber and epoxy. With the help of a spectrophotometer and cobalt gun, each of the glue samples was measured for a relative light transmission factor with different wavelengths, depending on the radiation dose. The obtained data are presented in a comprehensive analysis of the results. It was determined, which of the glue samples is most suitable for production of detectors working under exposure to strong radiation

Автоматизированная система оптических измерений жидкокристаллических элементов с улучшенными характеристиками выходного сигнала

The article discusses the developed automated system for the re-search of a liquid crystal cell, which consists of hardware and software parts. Unlike previously developed devices for optical measurements of liquid crystal elements, the automated system under consideration provides signal generation accuracy within 0.5% and SFDR noise immunity of at least 80 dB. The hardware part of the system includes the development of a circuit for generating a voltage signal of a certain amplitude and frequency, the formation of signals for control-ling the movement of a stepper motor and controlling the intensity of the lumi-nous flux of four laser LEDs, the development and tracing of a printed circuit board. The software part consists in the development of an applied executive algorithm that builds a sinusoidal signal at the output of a digital-to-analog con-verter of a microcontroller. This example uses the STM32F746IGT6 microcon-troller based on the ARM Cortex-M7 core, which has a superscalar architecture with dynamic prediction, a memory protection module, a floating-point compu-ting unit, as well as a direct memory access controller DMA (direct memory access), which is used for accelerated data exchange between memory and pe-ripherals. The DMA is used to quickly control the digital-to-analog converter.Рассматривается разработанная автоматизированная система для исследования ячейки жидкого кристалла, которая состоит из аппаратной и программной частей. В отличие от ранее разработанных устройств оптических измерений жидкокристаллических элементов представленная автоматизированная система обеспечивает точность формирования сигнала в пределах 0,5 % и помехозащищенность SFDR не менее 80 дБ. Аппаратная часть системы включает разработку схемы для формирования сигнала напряжения определенной амплитуды и частоты, формирование сигналов для управления движением шагового двигателя и управления интенсивностью светового потока четырех лазерных светодиодов, разработку и трассировку печатной платы. Программная часть заключается в разработке прикладного исполнительного алгоритма, который осуществляет построение синусоидального сигнала на выходе цифро-аналогового преобразователя микроконтроллера. В качестве микроконтроллера используется STM32F746IGT6 на базе ядра ARM Cortex-M7, имеющий суперскалярную архитектуру с динамическим предсказанием, модуль защиты памяти (MPU), блок вычислений с плавающей запятой FPU, а также контроллер прямого доступа к памяти DMA (direct memory access), который используется для ускоренного обмена данными между памятью и периферией. Интерфейс DMA использовался для быстрого управления цифро-аналоговым преобразователем

Reactions of Trifluorotriacetic Acid Lactone and Hexafluorodehydroacetic Acid with Amines: Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated 4-Pyridones and Aminoenones

Dehydroacetic acid and triacetic acid lactone are known to be versatile substrates for the synthesis of a variety of azaheterocycles. However, their fluorinated analogs were poorly described in the literature. In the present work, we have investigated reactions of trifluorotriacetic acid lactone and hexafluorodehydroacetic acid with primary amines, phenylenediamine, and phenylhydrazine. While hexafluorodehydroacetic acid reacted the same way as non-fluorinated analog giving 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-pyridones, trifluorotriacetic acid lactone had different regioselectivity of nucleophilic attack compared to the parent structure, and corresponding 3-amino-6,6,6-trifluoro-5-oxohex-3-eneamides were formed as the products. In the case of binucleophiles, further cyclization took place, forming corresponding benzodiazepine and pyrazoles. The obtained 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-pyridones were able to react with active methylene compounds giving fluorinated merocyanine dyes

Zhurkov’s Stress-Driven Fracture as a Driving Force of the Microcrystalline Cellulose Formation

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a chemically pure product of cellulose mechano-chemical conversion. It is a white powder composed of the short fragments of the plant cells widely used in the modern food industry and pharmaceutics. The acid hydrolysis of the bleached lignin-free cellulose raw is the main and necessary stage of MCC production. For this reason, the acid hydrolysis is generally accepted to be the driving force of the fragmentation of the initial cellulose fibers into MCC particles. However, the low sensibility of the MCC properties to repeating the hydrolysis forces doubting this point of view. The sharp, cleave-looking edges of the MCC particles suggesting the initial cellulose fibers were fractured; hence the hydrolysis made them brittle. Zhurkov showed that mechanical stress decreases the activation energy of the polymer fracture, which correlates with the elevated enthalpy of the MCC thermal destruction compared to the initial cellulose

String fluids, turbulence, and waves studied on the level of the constituent particles using complex plasmas

Complex plasmas are low-temperature plasmas with embedded microparticles. The microparticles in the plasma acquire high charges and strongly interact with each other. They form a classical condensed matter system, which can be used to investigate many generic phenomena on the level of individual particles. The microparticles are significantly affected by gravity, and unstressed three-dimensional microparticle clouds can only be studied under microgravity conditions. Here, we present studies of fluid complex plasmas performed in the RussianGerman complex plasma laboratory PK-3 Plus and the Russian-European PK-4 on board the International Space Station (ISS). The heart of PK-3 Plus was a capacitively coupled plasma chamber, and that of the successor PK-4 a DC plasma tube. Micropaticles can be injected in the plasma, which are illuminated from the side with light from a laser that is spread into a plane. The light scattered by the microparticles is recorded with digital cameras, with enables studying their movement in detail. Under certain conditions, instabilities turbulize the microparticle movement, or induce waves, which can then be studied in detail on the level of individual particles. When the applied electric field is quickly switched in polarity, ions flowing around the microparticles cause positive space charges (wakes), which attract other microparticles. This leads to the formation of microparticle strings - an electrorhelogical fluid. Fig. 1 shows an example of waves propagating in such a string fluid

Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion in Determining the IDH1 Status and Ki-67 Index in Brain Gliomas

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between tumor blood flow (TBF) measured by the pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) method and IDH1 mutation status of gliomas as well as Ki-67 proliferative index. Methods. The study included 116 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas of various grades. They received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy before MRI. IDH1 status assessment was performed after tumor removal in 106 cases—48 patients were diagnosed with wildtype gliomas (Grade 1–2—6 patients, Grade 3–4—42 patients) and 58 patients were diagnosed with mutant forms of gliomas (Grade 1–2—28 patients, Grade 3–4—30 patients). In 64 cases out of 116 Ki-67 index was measured. Absolute and normalized tumor blood flow values were measured on 3D PCASL maps. Results. TBF and normalized TBF (nTBF) in wildtype gliomas were significantly higher than in IDH1-mutant gliomas (p < 0.001). ASL perfusion showed high values of sensitivity and specificity in the differential diagnosis of gliomas with distinct IDH1 status (for TBF: specificity 75%, sensitivity 77.6%, AUC 0.783, cutoff 80.57 mL/100 g/min, for nTBF: specificity 77.1%, sensitivity 79.3%, AUC 0.791, cutoff 4.7). TBF and nTBF in wildtype high-grade gliomas (HGG) were significantly higher than in mutant forms (p < 0.001). ASL perfusion showed the following values of sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of mutant HGG and wildtype HGG (for TBF: specificity 83.3%, sensitivity 60%, AUC 0.719, cutoff 84.18 mL/100 g/min, for nTBF: specificity 88.1%, sensitivity 60%, AUC 0.729, cutoff 4.7). There was a significant positive correlation between tumor blood flow and Ki-67 (for TBF Rs = 0.63, for nTBF Rs = 0.61). Conclusion. ASL perfusion may be an informative factor in determining the IDH1 status in brain gliomas preoperative and tumor proliferative activity

2-(2-(Dimethylamino)vinyl)-4H-pyran-4-ones as Novel and Convenient Building-Blocks for the Synthesis of Conjugated 4-Pyrone Derivatives

A straightforward approach for the construction of the new class of conjugated pyrans based on enamination of 2-methyl-4-pyrones with DMF-DMA was developed. 2-(2-(Dimethylamino)vinyl)-4-pyrones are highly reactive substrates that undergo 1,6-conjugate addition/elimination or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/elimination followed by substitution of the dimethylamino group without ring opening. This strategy includes selective transformations leading to conjugated and isoxazolyl-substituted 4-pyrone structures. The photophysical properties of the prepared 4-pyrones were determined in view of further design of novel merocyanine fluorophores. A solvatochromism was found for enamino-substituted 4-pyrones accompanied by a strong increase in fluorescence intensity in alcohols. The prepared conjugated structures demonstrated valuable photophysical properties, such as a large Stokes shift (up to 204 nm) and a good quantum yield (up to 28%)