Human Milk Lactoferrin and Antibodies: Catalytic Activities, Complexes, and Other Features

Human milk is a source of biologically active proteins, including lactoferrin (LF) and antibodies (Abs). These proteins are considered as the most polyfunctional proteins of human milk. Apparently, human milk is not a simple mixture of proteins and peptides: recently it was shown that human milk contains stable supramolecular protein complex, composed of LF, α‐lactalbumin, milk albumin, β‐casein, IgG, and sIgA molecules. We believe that the whole set of different biological functions of the individual milk proteins is significantly supplemented by features of their complexes

The composition and content of phenolic compounds in tea, grown in humid subtropics of Russia

The article presents the results of studies on the dynamics, qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds of tea raw materials and tea of new forms of selection of the Institute. The regularity in their synthesis by months is determined, which affects the quality indicators of the end product and necessitates blending to the repaired tea. The accumulation of tannins in tea raw materials depends on hydrothermal conditions, in particular, the amount of precipitation. The content of tannin increases from May to June, then there is some decline in their content, due to hydrothermal stress, slowing the synthesis of tannins in the tea leaf. The content of the water-soluble fraction gradually increases from May to July, and then there is a slight decline. It is shown that the accumulation of phenolic compounds in tea raw materials varies during the collection season. The contents of theaflavins increased from the beginning of the collecting sheet to its completion. The content of thearubigins showed peaks: the lowest rate in June, the highest in August. It was revealed that a sharp drop in the synthesis of thearubigins in June is associated with the onset of the summer dormancy of growth and synthetic processes. The synthesis of both indicators depends on meteorological conditions. The comparative analysis of the samples of tea raw materials collected from experimental plants is carried out. It is shown that the content of tannin and extractive substances in the raw materials of the studied varieties and mutant forms is high. In terms of the ratio of theaflavins and thearubigins, tea made from experienced raw materials meets international requirements. Determination of the qualitative composition of the catechin group of green tea, produced from raw materials of new forms, showed a high level of accumulation of the main groups of catechins

Milk Exosomes: Isolation, Biochemistry, Morphology, and Perspectives of Use

Cells of the multicellular organisms communicate with each other in many different ways, among which extracellular vesicles play a unique role. Almost all cell types secrete vesicles into the extracellular space and deliver their contents to recipient cells. Today, one of the groups of extracellular vesicles that is of particular interest for studying is exosomes—membrane vesicles with a diameter of 40–100 nm. Exosomes are secreted by cells and found in various biological fluids—blood, tears, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and milk. Exosomes provide not only targeted delivery of molecular signals to recipient cells but also carry unique markers, which makes them a promising substrate in diagnostic studies, primarily due to their small RNA and protein contents. The milk of cows, horses, humans, and other mammals is a unique source of exosomes since these organisms can produce liters of milk per day, which is much higher than the volume of exosomes produced in cell culture fluid or blood plasma. Unfortunately, milk exosomes are currently much less studied than exosomes of blood or culture fluid. This review examines the methods of the isolation, biochemical analysis (composition of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids), morphology, and prospects for the use of milk exosomes

АНАЛИЗ ДИНАМИКИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ СМЕРТНОСТИ ОТ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ СИСТЕМЫ КРОВООБРАЩЕНИЯ В КЕМЕРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В 2017–2021 ГГ.

HighlightsEvery year more than 4 million deaths are registered from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which is 46% of all deaths. Over the past 40 years, a downward trend in mortality from CVD has been revealed. However, the COVID-19 pandemic period has changed the statistics of indicators of both total mortality and mortality from CVD. Aim. To analyze the mortality rate (MR) features from CVD in the Kemerovo Region (KR) from 2017 to 2021, in comparison with the Russian Federation (RF) rate.Materials and Methods. Mortality rates of the adult population of KR and RF for the period 2017–2021 were taken from the official sources. The KR/RF dynamics was approximated by a linear trend using Microsoft Excel 2010.Results. Over the past 5 years (from 2017 to 2021) the increase in mortality from CVD was 58.2% in the KR and in the RF – 9%. In 2017 the mortality rates in the RF were higher than in the KR and they levelled off by 2018. However, in the period 2019-2021 there was a sharp increase rate in the KR, in comparison with the RF. According to Kemerovo Statistical Office, the mortality rate from CVD in the region in 2021 was 10.8% higher than in 2020. The structure of mortality from CVD in 2021 in the KR had 52.8% of death cases due to coronary heart disease and 32.6% were caused by the cerebrovascular disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–2021) the first 3 places among the causes of total mortality in the KR were occupied by CVD (46.3% – 49.4% – 49.3%, respectively), neoplasms (17.1% – 15.2% – 13.2%) and external causes of death (9% – 7.7% – 6.5%). In the structure of total mortality cases the COVID-19 share is 2% in 2020 and 6.4% in 2021, respectively, which raised them to the 4th place in 2021.Conclusion. An increase in mortality rates in the region may indicate both the real causes of death, they can also be associated with the peculiarities the death cases coding and the impact of clinical and organizational technologies as well as the aging of the population. All the data  require further in-depth research.Основные положенияЕжегодно от болезней системы кровообращения регистрируют более 4 млн смертей, что составляет 46% всех смертей. За минувшие 40 лет выявлена тенденция снижения смертности от болезней системы кровообращения, однако период пандемии COVID-19 изменил статистку показателей как общей смертности, так и смертности от данных патологий. Цель. Анализ особенностей смертности от болезней системы кровообращения (БСК) в Кемеровской области (КО) с 2017 по 2021 г. в сравнении с показателями Российской Федерации (РФ).Материалы и методы. Показатели смертности взрослого населения КО и РФ в 2017–2021 гг. взяты из официальных источников. Динамика КО/РФ аппроксимирована линейным трендом с применением программы Microsoft Excel 2010.Результаты. За последние 5 лет (с 2017 по 2021 г.) рост смертности от БСК в КО составил 58,2%, в РФ – 9%. В 2017 г. показатели смертности по РФ были выше, чем в КО, уравниваясь к 2018 г., однако в 2019–2021 гг. наблюдался резкий рост показателя в КО в сравнении с РФ. По данным Кемеровостата, показатель смертности от БСК в регионе в 2021 г. был на 10,8% выше, чем в 2020 г. В структуре смертности от БСК в 2021 г. в КО 52,8% случаев приходилось на ишемическую болезнь сердца, а 32,6% – на цереброваскулярную болезнь. В период пандемии COVID-19 (2019–2021 гг.) в КО первые три места среди причин общей смертности занимали: БСК (46,3, 49,4 и 49,3% случаев соответственно), новообразования (17,1, 15,2 и 13,2%), внешние причины смерти (9,0%, 7,7 и 6,5%). В структуре общей смертности доля случаев COVID-19 в 2020 г. составила 2%, в 2021 г. – 6,4%, что подняло их в 2021 г. на четвертое место.Заключение. Увеличение показателей смертности в регионе может свидетельствовать как об истинности причин смерти, так и быть связано с особенностями кодирования случаев смерти, влиянием клинико-организационных технологий и старением населения, что требует дальнейшего углубленного исследования

Milk Exosomes: Perspective Agents for Anticancer Drug Delivery

Exosomes are biological nanovesicles that participate in intercellular communication by transferring biologically active chemical compounds (proteins, microRNA, mRNA, DNA, and others). Due to their small size (diameter 40–100 nm) and high biological compatibility, exosomes are promising delivery tools in personalized therapy. Because artificial exosome synthesis methods are not developed yet, the urgent task is to develop an effective and safe way to obtain exosomes from natural sources. Milk is the only exosome-containing biological fluid that is commercially available. In this regard, milk exosomes are unique and promising candidates for new therapeutic approaches to treating various diseases, including cancer. The appearance of side effects during the use of cytotoxic and cytostatic agents is among the main problems in cancer chemotherapy. According to this, the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents can be a potential solution to the toxic effect of chemotherapy. The ability of milk exosomes to carry out biologically active substances to the cell makes them promising tools for oral delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. This review is devoted to the methods of milk exosome isolation, their biological components, and prospects for their use in cancer treatment

Prospects for Using Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms as Natural Fertilizers in Agriculture

Phosphates are known to be essential for plant growth and development, with phosphorus compounds being involved in various physiological and biochemical reactions. Phosphates are known as one of the most important factors limiting crop yields. The problem of phosphorus deficiency in the soil has traditionally been solved by applying phosphate fertilizers. However, chemical phosphate fertilizers are considered ineffective compared to the organic fertilizers manure and compost. Therefore, increasing the bioavailability of phosphates for plants is one of the primary goals of sustainable agriculture. Phosphate-solubilizing soil microorganisms can make soil-insoluble phosphate bioavailable for plants through solubilization and mineralization. These microorganisms are currently in the focus of interest due to their advantages, such as environmental friendliness, low cost, and high biological efficiency. In this regard, the solubilization of phosphates by soil microorganisms holds strong potential in research, and inoculation of soils or crops with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria is a promising strategy to improve plant phosphate uptake. In this review, we analyze all the species of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria described in the literature to date. We discuss key mechanisms of solubilization of mineral phosphates and mineralization of organic phosphate-containing compounds: organic acids secreted by bacteria for the mobilization of insoluble inorganic phosphates, and the enzymes hydrolyzing phosphorus-containing organic compounds. We demonstrate that phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms have enormous potency as biofertilizers since they increase phosphorus bioavailability for the plant, promote sustainable agriculture, improve soil fertility, and raise crop yields. The use of phosphate-solubilizing microbes is regarded as a new frontier in increasing plant productivity