Role of Low Environmental Temperature in Peptic Ulcer Development

Peptic ulcers are described as acid-induced lesions found in the stomach and duodenum caused by the imbalance between the defending factors of the mucosa and the attacking factors such as hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, with Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs NSAIDs. They exhibit seasonal patterns in their occurrence, with higher occurrence in winter and spring and a low occurrence in summer. Temperature plays a major role in their occurrence, some of which have resulted in increased morbidity in some number of diseases, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, caused by an increase in air pressure, dry air (relative humidity) occurring from cold air, and also its actions on the protective effect helicobacter pylori in the human body. Their actions excite the adrenal gland marrow and the sympathetic nerve, causing rapid secretion of adrenaline and non-adrenaline, angiotensin II and endothelin, resulting in damage to the mucosa epithelial, caused by the contraction effect of the adrenal agents on the duodenal mucosa and blood vessel. It causes low expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70, Occludin, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), in the gastric mucosa, in extremely cold temperature than those in extremely hot temperature, increasing the gastric acid secretion in extremely cold temperature than in extremely hot temperature. Therefore, this review aims to give general insight into the role of low temperature in peptic ulcer development and further consideration in the treatment of peptic ulcer diseases

Potential of Allium cepa in thromboembolism in Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Colitis and coagulation influence each other and patients with colitis have been reported to have an increased risk of thromboembolic events. Allium cepa has been reported to have anti-coagulative activity and anti-inflammatory activity. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of Allium cepa on coagulation changes in colitis Twenty eight rats weighed 180 ± 20g were used for this study.  They were divided into four groups; Control group, Colitis group, Allium Cepa + Colitis group and Allium Cepa group. Allium Cepa + Colitis group and Allium Cepa were given 1ml/100g body weight of Allium cepa extract daily for 28days orally. Colitis was induced by a single dose of intra-rectal administration of 1ml/100g body weight of 6% acetic acid. Forty eight hours after the colitis induction, blood was taken by cardiac puncture for clotting time test, Prothrombin time (PT), Partial thromboplastin time with kaolin test (PTT.K), platelet count, Calcium ion and Potassium ion test.  Calcium ion was significantly decreased while potassium ion, platelet count, significantly increased and partial thromboplastin time shortened in colitis animals when compared with control. Calcium ion, potassium ion, platelet count and partial thromboplastin time showed no significant difference in Allium Cepa + Colitis group when compared with control.  It can be concluded that Allium cepa has potential to reduced the risk of thromboembolism in colitis  Keywords: Colitis, Allium cepa, thromboembolis