Information Security Behavior: Towards Multi-Stage Models

In order to ensure that employees abide by their organizations’ Information Security Policies (ISP), a number of information security policy compliance measures have been proposed in the past. If different factors can explain/predict the information security behavior of those employees who do know the ISP and of those who do not know the ISP, such as is suggested by stage theories, and the existing studies do not control for this issue, then the practical relevance of the existing models will be decreased. In order to test whether different factors explain/predict the information security behavior of those employees who do know the ISP and of those who do not know the ISP, we designed a study using the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) as the baseline theory. Employees’ ISP knowledge was tested by asking a few questions related to their organization’s ISP. We divided the data (N=513) into that related to a low knowledge group (regarding the organizations’ ISP) and that of a high knowledge group. The results show that the findings between the low knowledge group and the high knowledge group differ substantially. Our results provide an explanation for the inconsistent results in previous IS security research

Nonvolatile ultrafine particles observed to form trimodal size distributions in non-road diesel engine exhaust

Some recent findings regarding the negative health effects of particulate matter increase the relevance of the detailed characteristics of particulate emissions from different sources and especially the nonvolatile fraction of particles. In this study, the nonvolatile fraction of ultrafine particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine was studied. The measurements were carried out in an engine laboratory and the exhaust sample was taken from the engine-out location with various steady state driving modes. Four different fuels, including fossil fuel, soybean methyl ester (SME), rapeseed methyl ester (RME), and renewable paraffinic diesel (RPD), were used. In the sampling system, the sample was diluted and led through a thermodenuder removing the volatile fraction of particles. The measured particle size distributions of nonvolatile particles were found to be trimodal. Based on the size distribution data as well as the morphology and elemental composition of particles in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples, we were able to draw conclusions from the most probable origin of the different particle modes, and the modes were named accordingly. From larger to smaller in particle size, the modes were a soot mode, lubricating oil originated core (LC) mode, and a fuel originated core (FC) mode. All of these three modes were detected with every driving mode, but differences were seen, for example, between different fuels. In addition, a trade-off was observed in the concentrations of the LC mode and the soot mode as a function of the engine torque.© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

ANGPTL8 protein-truncating variant associated with lower serum triglycerides and risk of coronary disease

Protein-truncating variants (PTVs) affecting dyslipidemia risk may point to therapeutic targets for cardiometabolic disease. Our objective was to identify PTVs that were associated with both lipid levels and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) and assess their possible associations with risks of other diseases. To achieve this aim, we leveraged the enrichment of PTVs in the Finnish population and tested the association of low-frequency PTVs in 1,209 genes with serum lipid levels in the Finrisk Study (n = 23,435). We then tested which of the lipid-associated PTVs were also associated with the risks of T2D or CAD, as well as 2,683 disease endpoints curated in the FinnGen Study (n = 218,792). Two PTVs were associated with both lipid levels and the risk of CAD or T2D: triglyceride-lowering variants in ANGPTL8 (-24.0[-30.4 to -16.9] mg/dL per rs760351239-T allele, P = 3.4 x 10(-9)) and ANGPTL4 (-14.4[-18.6 to -9.8] mg/dL per rs746226153-G allele, P = 4.3 x 10(-9)). The risk of T2D was lower in carriers of the ANGPTL4 PTV (OR = 0.70[0.60-0.81], P = 2.2 x 10(-6)) than noncarriers. The odds of CAD were 47% lower in carriers of a PTV in ANGPTL8 (OR = 0.53[0.37-0.76], P = 4.5 x 10(-4)) than noncarriers. Finally, the phenome-wide scan of the ANGPTL8 PTV showed that the ANGPTL8 PTV carriers were less likely to use statin therapy (68,782 cases, OR = 0.52[0.40-0.68], P = 1.7 x 10(-6)) compared to noncarriers. Our findings provide genetic evidence of potential long-term efficacy and safety of therapeutic targeting of dyslipidemias. Author summary Studying the health impacts of protein-truncating variants (PTVs) enables detecting the health impact of drugs that inhibit these same genes. Our study aimed to expand our knowledge of genes associated with cardiometabolic disease, along with the side effects of these genes. To detect PTVs associated with cardiometabolic disease, we first performed a genome-wide scan of PTVs associated with serum lipid levels in Finns. We found PTVs in two genes highly enriched in Finns, which were associated with both serum lipid levels and a lower risk of type 2 diabetes or coronary artery disease: ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8. To evaluate the other health effects of these PTVs, we performed an association scan between the PTVs and 2,683 disease endpoints curated in the FinnGen Study (n = 218,792). We demonstrate that using human populations with PTV-enrichment, such as Finns, offers considerable boosts in statistical power to detect potential long-term efficacy and safety of pharmacologically targeting genes.Peer reviewe

Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) liuottimia käyttävässä pintakäsittelyssä

Tähän BAT-raporttiin on koottu tietoa parhaan käytettävissä olevan tekniikan (BAT) mukaisista liuottimia käyttävän pintakäsittelyn prosesseista ja keinoista päästöjen rajoittamiseen ja hallintaan. Liuottimia käyttävän pintakäsittelyn tärkeimmät ympäristövaikutukset liittyvät VOC-yhdisteiden päästöihin ilmaan ja jätevesiin, syntyviin jätteisiin, maaperän ja pohjaveden suojeluun sekä meluun. Tässä selvityksessä on keskitytty pieniin ja keskisuuriin laitoksiin. Julkaisussa kerrotaan muun muassa liuottimia käyttävän pintakäsittelyn toimintojen lainsäädännöllisestä taustasta, menetelmistä VOC-päästöjen rajoittamiseen ja hallintaan. Raportissa on kuvattu erityisesti maalauksen ja painatuksen toimintojen BAT-tekniikoita ja menetelmiä, mutta sitä voidaan käyttää soveltuvin osin hyväksi myös muiden orgaanisia liuottimia ja haihtuvia orgaanisia yhdisteitä käyttävien toimintojen VOC-päästöjen rajoittamisessa. Selvitys on tarkoitettu toiminnanharjoittajille, ympäristölupa- ja valvontaviranomaisille sekä muille toimialasta kiinnostuneille parhaan käytettävissä olevan tekniikan vertailuinformaatioksi

Assessing the conservation priority of freshwater lake sites based on taxonomic, functional and environmental uniqueness

[EN] Aim: We propose a novel approach that considers taxonomic uniqueness, functional uniqueness and environmental uniqueness and show how it can be used in guiding conservation planning. We illustrate the approach using data for lake biota and environment. Location: Lake Puruvesi, Finland. Methods: We sampled macrophytes and macroinvertebrates from the same 18 littoral sites. By adapting the original “ecological uniqueness” approach, we used distance-based methods to calculate measures of taxonomic (LCBD–t), functional (LCBD–f) and environmental (LCEH) uniqueness for each site. We also considered the numbers and locations of the sites needed to protect up to 70% of total variation in taxonomic, functional or environmental features in the studied part of the lake. Results: Relationships between taxonomic (LCBD–t), functional (LCBD–f) and environmental (LCEH) uniqueness were generally weak, and only the relationship between macrophyte LCBD–t and LCBD–f was statistically significant. Overall, however, if the whole biotic dataset was considered, macroinvertebrate LCBD–f values showed a consistent positive relationship with macrophyte LCBD–f. Depending on the measure of site uniqueness, between one-third to one half of the sites could help protect up to 70% of the ecological uniqueness of the studied part of Lake Puruvesi. Main conclusions: Although the dataset examined originated from a large lake system, the approach we proposed here can be applied in different ecosystems and at various spatial scales. An important consideration is that a set of sites has been sampled using the same methods, resulting in species and environmental matrices that can be analysed using the methodological approach proposed here. This framework can be easily applied to grid-based data, sets of islands or sets of forest fragments. We suggest that the approach based on taxonomic, functional and environmental uniqueness will be a useful tool in guiding nature conservation and ecosystem management, especially if associated with meta-system ideas or network thinkingSIThe work for this study was supported by Freshabit IP LIFE (LIFE 14 IPE/FI/023) and the Academy of Finland for the project GloBioTrends (grant no. 331957

Kovakuoriaisten maakuntaluettelo 2015

201