In-vitro Comparison of NiTi Tee, RaCe and Protaper Instruments in Dentinal Crack Formation

Background and Aim:Root canal preparation with rotary instruments may cause dentinal cracks leading to tooth fracture. The aim of this study was to compare three different rotary systems ProTaper, RaCe and Niti Tee on formation of dentinal cracks following root canal preparation. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 50 extracted mandibular first molars were selected. Teeth having roots with previous cracks and defects were excluded from the study. The crowns and distal roots of teeth were cut. Silicon impression material was used to simulate tooth PDL. The mesial roots were randomly prepared using ProTaper (up to F3) RaCe and Niti Tee systems (up to ≠30/0.06) in three groups of 15. Five teeth remained unprepared as the control group. The specimens were then sectioned horizontally in 3, 5 and 9 mm distances from the apex. Cracks exploration was done by digital stereomicroscope. The occurrence of dentinal cracks with different systems were statistically analyzed by chi-square test. Results: Dentinal defects were observed in 3 (20%), 4 (26.7%) and 2 (13.3) of root canals following the preparation with ProTaper, Niti Tee and RaCe files, respectively. Two of the 3 defects in protaper group were as complete crack. The overall incidence of crack among the rotary files was 20%. No significant differences were found in defect formation between the three rotary systems (P>0.05).  Conclusion: Under the condituion of this study Dentinal cracks were observed in all systems. The overall incidence of crack among the rotary files was 20%. Although more cracks were observed in NTiTee group, the differences were not significant

Personality traits of patients with multiple sclerosis and their correlation with anxiety and depression levels: A cross‐sectional case–control study

Abstract Objective Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that can cause severe disability and impair the quality of life (QoL). Methods In the current cross‐sectional, case–control study, we investigated personality traits, anxiety and depression levels, in 101 patients in the case group and 202 individuals as a control group. The personality traits of the participants were collected via the Neuroticism‐Extraversion‐Openness Five‐Factor Inventory (NEO‐FFI) questionnaire. We evaluated the level of anxiety and depression based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire. Results Our study showed in patients with disease duration above 1 year, the rates of agreement (29.78), anxiety (8.83), and depression level (6.39) were significantly higher than the control group (27.19, 6.47, and 4.97, respectively). Although patients with disease duration below 1 year showed a higher level of agreement and conscientiousness (29.65 and 34.35, respectively) than controls (26.6 and 30.86, respectively). The level of anxiety and depression in patients with a disability index above 4.5 was significantly higher than patients with a disability index below 1. Patients with a disability index below 1 showed a higher rate of extraversion and agreement and conscientiousness (31.47, 31.53, and 35.07, respectively) than controls (25.5, 26.23, and 3033, respectively). In addition, patients with a disability index above 4.5 showed a higher level of agreement (35.64), conscientiousness (35.5), anxiety (9.64), and depression (7.5) than controls (25.96, 30.71, 6.96, and 4.71, respectively). Conclusions In conclusion, anxiety and depression levels were much higher among MS patients compared with controls and the severity of these conditions correlate with the score of the disability index. Therefore, a complete comprehension of these conditions by the neurologist could be vital in improving patients’ QoL and increasing compliance and adherence to pharmacological therapy