Dust, Ice, and Gas in Time (DIGIT) Herschel Observations of GSS30-IRS1 in Ophiuchus

As a part of the "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT) key program on Herschel, we observed GSS30-IRS1, a Class I protostar located in Ophiuchus (d = 120 pc), with Herschel/Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer. More than 70 lines were detected within a wavelength range from 50 to 200 mu m, including CO, H2O, OH, and two atomic [O I] lines at 63 and 145 mu m. The [C II] line, known as a tracer of externally heated gas by the interstellar radiation field (ISRF), is also detected at 158 mu m. All lines, except [O I] and [C II], are detected only at the central spaxel of 9 ''.4 x 9 ''.4. The [O I] emissions are extended along a NE-SW orientation, and the [C II] line is detected over all spaxels, indicative of an external photodissociation region. The total [C II] intensity around GSS30 reveals that the far-ultraviolet radiation field is in the range of 3 to 20 G(0), where G(0) is in units of the Habing Field, 1.6 x 10(-3) erg cm(-2) s(-1). This enhanced external radiation field heats the envelope of GSS30-IRS1, causing the continuum emission to be extended, unlike the molecular emission. The best-fit continuum model of GSS30-IRS1 with the physical structure including flared disk, envelope, and outflow shows that the internal luminosity is 10 L-circle dot, and the region is externally heated by a radiation field enhanced by a factor of 130 compared to the standard local ISRF.NASANational Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Education of the Korean government NRF-2012R1A1A2044689National Research Foundation (NRF) - Ministry of Education of KoreaAstronom

Rydberg-atom graphs for quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems

There is a growing interest in harnessing the potential of the Rydberg-atom system to address complex combinatorial optimization challenges. Here we present an experimental demonstration of how the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem can be effectively addressed using Rydberg-atom graphs. The Rydberg-atom graphs are configurations of neutral atoms organized into mathematical graphs, facilitated by programmable optical tweezers, and designed to exhibit many-body ground states that correspond to the maximum independent set (MIS) of their respective graphs. We have developed four elementary Rydberg-atom subgraph components, not only to eliminate the need of local control but also to be robust against interatomic distance errors, while serving as the building blocks sufficient for formulating generic QUBO graphs. To validate the feasibility of our approach, we have conducted a series of Rydberg-atom experiments selected to demonstrate proof-of-concept operations of these building blocks. These experiments illustrate how these components can be used to programmatically encode the QUBO problems to Rydberg-atom graphs and, by measuring their many-body ground states, how their QUBO solutions are determined subsequently.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Multiple Jets in the bursting protostar HOPS 373SW

We present the outflows detected in HOPS 373SW, a protostar undergoing a modest $30\%$ brightness increase at 850 $\mu$m. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of shock tracers, including SiO 8--7, CH$_3$OH 7$_{\rm k}$--6$_{\rm k}$, and $^{12}$CO 3--2 emission, reveal several outflow features around HOPS 373SW. The knots in the extremely high-velocity SiO emission reveal the wiggle of the jet, for which a simple model derives a 37$^\circ$ inclination angle of the jet to the plane of the sky, a jet velocity of 90 km s$^{-1}$, and a period of 50 years. The slow SiO and CH$_3$OH emission traces U-shaped bow shocks surrounding the two CO outflows. One outflow is associated with the high-velocity jets, while the other is observed to be close to the plane of the sky. The misaligned outflows imply that previous episodic accretion events have either reoriented HOPS 373SW or that it is an unresolved protostellar binary system with misaligned outflows.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap