Research on a Denial of Service (DoS) Detection System Based on Global Interdependent Behaviors in a Sensor Network Environment

This research suggests a Denial of Service (DoS) detection method based on the collection of interdependent behavior data in a sensor network environment. In order to collect the interdependent behavior data, we use a base station to analyze traffic and behaviors among nodes and introduce methods of detecting changes in the environment with precursor symptoms. The study presents a DoS Detection System based on Global Interdependent Behaviors and shows the result of detecting a sensor carrying out DoS attacks through the test-bed

Frontal lobe epilepsy: Clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes and diagnostic modalities

SummaryObjectiveTo identify surgical prognostic factors and to characterize clinical features according to the location of the intracranial ictal onset zone of frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) in order to assess the role of various diagnostic modalities, including concordances with presurgical evaluations.MethodsWe studied 71 FLE patients who underwent epilepsy surgery and whose outcomes were followed for more than 2 years. Diagnoses were established by standard presurgical evaluation.ResultsClinical manifestations could be categorized into six types: initial focal motor (9 patients), initial versive seizure (15), frontal lobe complex partial seizure (14), complex partial seizure mimicking temporal lobe epilepsy (18), initial tonic elevation of arms (11), and sudden secondary generalized tonic–clonic seizure (4). Thirty-seven patients became seizure-free after surgery. Five patients were deleted in the analysis because of incomplete resection of ictal onset zones. The positive predictive value of interictal EEG, ictal EEG, MRI, PET, and ictal SPECT, respectively were 62.5%, 56.4%, 73.9%, 63.2%, and 63.6%, and the negative predictive value were 46.0%, 44.4%, 53.5%, 44.7%, and 51.7%. No significant relationship was found between the diagnostic accuracy of these modalities and surgical outcome, with the exception of MRI (p=0.029). Significant concordance of two or more modalities was observed in patients who became seizure-free (p=0.011). We could not find any clinical characteristic related to surgical outcome besides seizure frequency. No definite relationship was found between the location of intracranial ictal onset zone and clinical semiology.ConclusionAlthough various diagnostic methods can be useful in the diagnosis of FLE, only MRI can predict surgical outcome. Concordance between presurgical evaluations indicates a better surgical outcome

Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS)

*Context:* Sarcopenic obesity (SO), a combination of excess weight and reduced muscle mass and/or strength, is suggested to be associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes. 
*Objectives:* To examine the prevalence and characteristics of Sarcopenic and SO defined by using different indices such as Appendicular Skeletal muscle Mass (ASM)/height^2^ and Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI (%): skeletal muscle mass (kg)/weight (kg) × 100) for Korean adults. 
*Methods:* 591 participants were recruited from the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS) which is an ongoing prospective observational cohort study. Analysis was conducted in 526 participants (328 women, 198 men) who had complete data on body composition using Dual X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. 
*Results:* The prevalence of sarcopenia and SO increases with aging. Using two or more standard deviations (SD) of ASM/height^2^ below reference values from young, healthy adults as a definition of sarcopenia, the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO was 6.3% and 1.3% in men and 4.1% and 1.7% in women over 60 years of age. However, using two or more SD of SMI, the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO was 5.1% and 5.1% respectively in men and 14.2% and 12.5% respectively in women. As defined by SMI, subjects with SO had 3 times the risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26-7.26) and subjects with non-sarcopenic obesity had approximately 2 times the risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.18-3.02) compared with normal subjects. 
*Conclusion:* Obese subjects with relative sarcopenia were associated with a greater likelihood for metabolic syndrome. As Koreans were more obese and aging, the prevalence of SO and its impact on health outcomes are estimated to be rapidly grow. Further research is requested to establish the definition, cause and consequences of SO.
&#xa

Replication of a Glaucoma Candidate Gene on 5q22.1 for Intraocular Pressure in Mongolian Populations: The GENDISCAN Project

PURPOSE. Glaucoma is the second most frequent cause of visual impairment worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) causes glaucomatous optic nerve damage, especially in the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) subtype. As most previous studies on IOP genetics were analyses of glaucomatous families, a study of general pedigrees will provide additional information on genetic etiology. METHODS. This work was part of the GENDISCAN study (Gene Discovery for Complex Traits in Isolated Large Families of Asians of the Northeast), which recruited families from population isolates in Mongolia. IOP (obtained by a noncontact method), epidemiologic, and clinical information were collected from 1451 healthy individuals of 142 families. From these individuals, 390 genome-wide short tandem repeat markers were genotyped. Variance component-based linkage analysis was applied to pursue candidate loci explaining IOP variation. RESULTS. The mean IOP was 13.6 mm Hg in the men and 13.7 mm Hg in the women, inversely associated with aging (beta = -0.05; P < 0.0001). The heritability of IOP was 0.48. Suggestive linkage evidence was found on the 5q22.1 region (LOD score, 2.4), which harbors WDR36, a candidate gene for POAG. In addition, possible linkage evidence was found on 2q37.1, 7p15.3, 17q25.3, and 20p13. CONCLUSIONS. The findings support evidence that IOP regulation is associated with the 5q22.1 region, along with four other candidate regions. The present results further indicate that genetic factors regulating IOP in the general Mongolian population are linked to regions harboring POAG genes, suggesting that common genetic factors influence both normal IOP variation and POAG occurrence. In addition, the replication of previous findings concerning POAG regions from the white and African populations implies that the mutations regulating IOP levels did not occur recently. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:1335-1340) DOI:10.1167/iovs.09-3979Pasutto F, 2008, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V49, P270, DOI 10.1167/iovs.07-0500Miyazawa A, 2007, MOL VIS, V13, P1912Chen CY, 2007, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V48, P4433, DOI 10.1167/iovs.06-1188Forsman E, 2007, ACTA OPHTHALMOL SCAN, V85, P500, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00978.xvan Koolwijk LME, 2007, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V48, P3669, DOI 10.1167/iovs.06-1519Duggal P, 2007, ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC, V125, P74Zara F, 2006, NAT GENET, V38, P1111, DOI 10.1038/ng1870Kramer PL, 2006, ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC, V124, P1328Ogbuehi KC, 2006, CLIN EXP OPTOM, V89, P310, DOI 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00068.xRotimi CN, 2006, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V47, P3262, DOI 10.1167/iovs.05-1537Franceschini N, 2006, HYPERTENSION, V48, P266, DOI 10.1161/01.HYP.0000231651.91523.7eGrant SFA, 2006, NAT GENET, V38, P320, DOI 10.1038/ng1732Quigley HA, 2006, BRIT J OPHTHALMOL, V90, P262, DOI 10.1136/bjo.2005.081224GUPTA V, 2006, INDIAN J OPHTHALMOL, V54, P261Charlesworth JC, 2005, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V46, P3723, DOI 10.1167/iovs.05-0312Tonnu PA, 2005, BRIT J OPHTHALMOL, V89, P851, DOI 10.1136/bjo.2004.056622Chang TC, 2005, OPHTHALMOLOGY, V112, P1186, DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.03.006Paluru PC, 2005, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V46, P2300, DOI 10.1167/iovs.04-1423Hashemi H, 2005, BRIT J OPHTHALMOL, V89, P652, DOI 10.1136/bjo.2004.058057Klein RJ, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P385, DOI 10.1126/science.1109557Monemi S, 2005, HUM MOL GENET, V14, P725, DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddi068Lin HY, 2005, ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC, V123, P381Duggal P, 2005, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V46, P555, DOI 10.1167/iovs.04-0729Varilo T, 2004, CURR OPIN GENET DEV, V14, P316Klein BEK, 2004, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V45, P59, DOI 10.1167/iovs.03-0516Hennis A, 2003, OPHTHALMOLOGY, V110, P908, DOI 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00075-7Lee JS, 2002, CLIN EXP OPHTHALMOL, V30, P237, DOI 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2002.00527.xRochtchina E, 2002, CLIN EXP OPHTHALMOL, V30, P173Weih LM, 2001, ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC, V119, P875Blangero J, 2001, ADV GENET, V42, P151Rao DC, 2001, ADV GENET, V42, P487Mori K, 2000, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V29, P661, DOI 10.1093/ije/29.4.661Wiggs JL, 2000, HUM MOL GENET, V9, P1109McPeek MS, 2000, AM J HUM GENET, V66, P1076Blangero J, 2000, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V19, pS8Mitchell P, 1999, OPHTHALMOLOGY, V106, P2010Foster PJ, 1998, OPHTHALMOLOGY, V105, P969Almasy L, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P1198Sarfarazi M, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P641Quigley HA, 1997, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V38, P83Foster PJ, 1996, ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC, V114, P1235Quigley HA, 1996, BRIT J OPHTHALMOL, V80, P389LANDER E, 1995, NAT GENET, V11, P241WEEKS DE, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V56, P1506DIELEMANS I, 1995, OPHTHALMOLOGY, V102, P54VANDEVELDE T, 1995, B SOC BELGE OPHTALMO, V255, P19SHEFFIELD VC, 1993, NAT GENET, V4, P47KLEIN BEK, 1992, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V33, P2224ELSTON RC, 1992, HUM HERED, V42, P16TIELSCH JM, 1991, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V266, P369SHIOSE Y, 1991, JPN J OPHTHALMOL, V35, P133HU Z, 1989, CHIN J OPHTHALMOL, V25, P115KAHN HA, 1977, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V106, P17HOLLOWS FC, 1966, BRIT J OPHTHALMOL, V50, P570

Assessment of Allergic Rhinitis Websites in Korea

Objectives. The internet has become an important source of medical information and a great amount of information related to allergic rhinitis (AR) is available on the internet. However, the quality of this information is still a matter of debate. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the AR-related information on Korean websites. Methods. The key word "allergic rhinitis" was entered into 4 popular search engines, and this led to identifying 40 websites. After being categorized according to authorship, the informational value of these websites was evaluated using 4 different assessment tools such as the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, the DISCERN questionnaire, the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 Update and the Health On the Net (HON) code. Results. The 40 websites containing AR-related information were categorized according to their authorship as Western physician: 20, Oriental physician: 14, commercial: 1, and others: 5. The mean citation frequencies of the JAMA benchmarks and the ARIA 2008 Update concepts was 1.23 out of 4 and 4.33 out of 8, respectively, while the mean DISCERN score was 1.92 out of 5. When the websites were evaluated based on the type of authorship, the mean citation frequencies of the AMA 2008 Update concepts were Western physician: 5.35, Oriental physician: 2.64. Additionally, three websites authored by Western physicians and 13 authored by Oriental physicians contained unreliable information. Among these 16 websites, only 3 websites met the requirements for the HON code "Justification". Conclusion. AR-related information available on Korean websites is of variable quality and not all of the information provided is justifiable. Thus, performing surveillance of the medical information on these websites is necessary. Furthermore, common criteria that can be used to evaluate the websites created by both Western and Oriental physicians are also needed.Bousquet J, 2008, ALLERGY, V63, P8*HLTH NET FDN, 2006, HLTH NET COD COND VESILVA LVE, 2005, BRAZILIAN J OTHORHIN, V71, P590Park HW, 2004, J KOREAN MED SCI, V19, P364Winker MA, 2000, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V283, P1600Charnock D, 1999, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V53, P105Silberg WM, 1997, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V277, P1244

Sirolimus-eluting stent is superior to paclitaxel-eluting stent for coronary intervention in patients with renal insufficiency: Long-term clinical outcomes

Background: Renal insufficiency (RI) is an independent risk factor for the adverse cardiovascular events. Long-term clinical outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with RI is unknown especially in the era of first generation drug-eluting stents (DES). This study aims at comparing clinical outcomes between sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) based on large scaled registry.Methods: Patients who underwent PCI with DES from January 2004 to December 2009 in the Catholic University of Korea-PCI (COACT) registry were prospectively enrolled. A group of 1,033 patients with RI, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate under 60 mL/min, were analyzed. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) according to the type of stents were compared.Results: Median follow-up period was 810 days (interquartile range: from 361 to 1,354 days). A group of 612 (59.2%) patients were treated with SES and 421 (40.8%) patients were treated with PES. The PES vs. SES group had significantly higher rate of MACE (35.9% vs. 28.3%, p = 0.01). In multivariate Cox hazard regression analysis, PES vs. SES group had significantly higher rate of MACE (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.64, p = 0.033), particularly pronounced by all-cause death (AHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.008–1.770; p = 0.044). In further analysis with propensity score matching, overall findings were consistent.Conclusions: In patients with RI, PCI using PES provides poorer clinical outcomes than SES in terms of MACE and all-cause death