NOMA based CR for QAM-64 and QAM-256

Non-Orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and Cognitive radio (Cr) are seen as one of the most promising techniques, which improves the utilization of the spectrum in 5G. The expanding number of wireless applications like new gadgets, IOT brought about developing a block in the ISM groups. The FCC requested to permit unlicensed clients to work in the void area without obstruction to an authorized guest. Cr gives an answer for an extra range prerequisite issue for productive spectrum usage. The foremost condition for permitting CRs to utilize spectrum is not causing obstruction to licensed users. Spectrum sensing permit secondary users (Su) to separately recognize the idle portions of the spectrum, and thus evade obstruction to licensed users. In existing spectrum sensing techniques, SU can only utilize the unused spectrum when PU is not present. Therefore, spectrum exploitation of the conventional system is very low. In recent times NOMA has been projected to utilize the spectrum in an efficient manner. The proposed work permits the SU to utilize a spectrum of PU, both at its absence. Spectrum sensing in NOMA is not explored so far. Hence, in this paper, NOMA based matched filter detection is designed for QAM-64 and QAM-256. Matlab simulation is applied to study the operation of the proposed detection technique in NOMA in respect of several parameters like bit error rate (BER) Vs signal to noise ratio (SNR), the probability of detection (Pd), and probability of false alarm (Pfa)

An Efficient Hybrid PAPR Reduction for 5G NOMA-FBMC Waveforms

The article introduces Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), known as hybrid waveform (NOMAFBMC), as two of the most deserving contenders for fifth-generation (5G) network. High spectrum access and clampdown of spectrum outflow are unique characteristics of hybrid NOMA-FBMC. We compare the spectral efficiency of Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM), FBMC, NOMA, andNOMA-FBMC. It is seen that the hybrid waveformoutperforms the existing waveforms. Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is regarded as a significant issue in multicarrier waveforms. The combination of Selective Mapping-Partial Transmit Sequence (SLM-PTS) is an effective way to minimize large peak power inclination. The SLM, PTS, and SLM-PTS procedures are applied to the NOMA-FBMC waveform. This hybrid structure is applied to the existing waveforms. Further, the correlated factors like Bit Error Rate (BER) and Computational Overhead (CO) are studied and computed for these waveforms. The outcome of the work reveals that the NOMA-FBMC waveform coupled with the SLM-PTS algorithm offers superior performance as compared to the prevailing systems

Multifunctionalized biocatalytic P22 nanoreactor for combinatory treatment of ER+ breast cancer

Abstract Background Tamoxifen is the standard endocrine therapy for breast cancers, which require metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP). However, the lower and variable concentrations of CYP activity at the tumor remain major bottlenecks for the efficient treatment, causing severe side-effects. Combination nanotherapy has gained much recent attention for cancer treatment as it reduces the drug-associated toxicity without affecting the therapeutic response. Results Here we show the modular design of P22 bacteriophage virus-like particles for nanoscale integration of virus-driven enzyme prodrug therapy and photodynamic therapy. These virus capsids carrying CYP activity at the core are decorated with photosensitizer and targeting moiety at the surface for effective combinatory treatment. The estradiol-functionalized nanoparticles are recognized and internalized into ER+ breast tumor cells increasing the intracellular CYP activity and showing the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon UV365 nm irradiation. The generated ROS in synergy with enzymatic activity drastically enhanced the tamoxifen sensitivity in vitro, strongly inhibiting tumor cells. Conclusions This work clearly demonstrated that the targeted combinatory treatment using multifunctional biocatalytic P22 represents the effective nanotherapeutics for ER+ breast cancer

Development of a functionalized UV-emitting nanocomposite for the treatment of cancer using indirect photodynamic therapy

Abstract Background Photodynamic therapy is a promising cancer therapy modality but its application for deep-seated tumor is mainly hindered by the shallow penetration of visible light. X-ray-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained a major attention owing to the limitless penetration of X-rays. However, substantial outcomes have still not been achieved due to the low luminescence efficiency of scintillating nanoparticles and weak energy transfer to the photosensitizer. The present work describes the development of Y2.99Pr0.01Al5O12-based (YP) mesoporous silica coated nanoparticles, multifunctionalized with protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and folic acid (YPMS@PpIX@FA) for potential application in targeted deep PDT. Results A YP nanophosphor core was synthesized using the sol–gel method to be used as X-ray energy transducer and was then covered with a mesoporous silica layer. The luminescence analysis indicated a good spectral overlap between the PpIX and nanoscintillator at the Soret as well as Q-band region. The comparison of the emission spectra with or without PpIX showed signs of energy transfer, a prerequisite for deep PDT. In vitro studies showed the preferential uptake of the nanocomposite in cancer cells expressing the folate receptorFolr1, validating the targeting efficiency. Direct activation of conjugated PpIX with UVA in vitro induced ROS production causing breast and prostate cancer cell death indicating that the PpIX retained its activity after conjugation to the nanocomposite. The in vivo toxicity analysis showed the good biocompatibility and non-immunogenic response of YPMS@PpIX@FA. Conclusion Our results indicate that YPMS@PpIX@FA nanocomposites are promising candidates for X-ray-mediated PDT of deep-seated tumors. The design of these nanoparticles allows the functionalization with exchangeable targeting ligands thus offering versatility, in order to target various cancer cells, expressing different molecular targets on their surface