Identity and integration of Russian speakers in the Baltic states: a framework for analysis

Following a review of current scholarship on identity and integration patterns of Russian speakers in the Baltic states, this article proposes an analytical framework to help understand current trends. Rogers Brubaker's widely employed triadic nexus is expanded to demonstrate why a form of Russian-speaking identity has been emerging, but has failed to become fully consolidated, and why significant integration has occurred structurally but not identificationally. By enumerating the subfields of political, economic, and cultural ‘stances’ and ‘representations’ the model helps to understand the complicated integration processes of minority groups that possess complex relationships with ‘external homelands’, ‘nationalizing states’ and ‘international organizations’. Ultimately, it is argued that socio-economic factors largely reduce the capacity for a consolidated identity; political factors have a moderate tendency to reduce this capacity, whereas cultural factors generally increase the potential for a consolidated group identity

INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE OF REGIMES OF THERMAL PROCESSING ON STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT-ROLLED TUBES, PRODUCED OF STEEL 32G2

Investigations on influence of heating temperature, cooling regimes and steady temperature on structure and mechanical characteristics of hot-rolled pipes, produced of steel 32G2, are carried out

Narrow-Linewidth Single-Frequency Ytterbium Laser Based on a New Composite Yb³⁺-Doped Fiber

Fiber single-frequency lasers are currently being actively developed, primarily due to the growing number of applications that require compact and reliable narrow-band sources. However, the most developed single-frequency fiber lasers based on phosphate fibers have the disadvantages of low mechanical strength of both the phosphate fibers themselves and their splices. In this paper we demonstrate a single-frequency laser based on a new composite Yb3+-doped active fiber. The core of this fiber is made of phosphate glass with a high concentration of ytterbium ions and its cladding is made of standard silica glass. This structure ensures a higher splicing strength of the fiber compared to the phosphate fibers and provides high resistance to atmospheric moisture. Despite the multimode structure of this fiber, we achieved stable single-frequency lasing with an average power of 10 mW and a spectral contrast of more than 60 dB in the scheme with a short (1.1 cm) cavity formed by two fiber Bragg gratings. We believe that further optimization of this fiber will make it possible to create powerful and reliable single-frequency lasers in the one-micron wavelength range

Raman fiber laser based on a 7-core fiber with fs-inscribed regular and random structures

The significant progress in the development of multi-core fibers (MCFs) and the technology of refractive index change by fs- laser radiation [1] in the selective cores of MCF open up possibilities for the creation of new configurations of fiber lasers based on both active MCFs with inscribed fiber Bragg gratings [2] and passive MCFs in Raman lasers with random distributed feedback [3] for high-power laser applications

Ytterbium Lasers Based on P 2 O 5 -and Al 2 O 3 -doped Fibers

Abstract Starting from measured cross-sections of Yb ions in Introduction The power of Yb-doped cladding-pumped fiber lasers progressively increases and have already exceeded 1 k

COMORBIDITY IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE PATIENTS UNDERGOING BYPASS GRAFTING: AN EXPERIENCE OF TWO SURGERY CENTERS

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence  of comorbidities in patients  undergoing  coronary bypass grafting (CBG) in two surgery clinics of Russia.Material and methods. Into retrospective study, done based  upon the charts data of A. N. Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery (A. N. Bakulev SCCVS) and  Research  Institute  for  Complex  Issues   of  Cardiovascular  Diseases,  1702 patients  included (1358 males, 344 females) from Bakulev SCCVS and 1159 (895 males,  264  females)  patients  from RICICD, who had  underwent  CBG, including multiple surgeries, during 2014-2015. Comparative analysis was performed  of the prevalence of comorbidity and combination pathology.Results. The main background pathology in general group of patients was arterial hypertension   (AH) — 2322  (81,2%)  cases. In more  than  a  half  of  cases, in anamnesis there  was myocardial infarction (MI) — 1719 (60,1%), of those  in 250 (8,7%) patients  — with left ventricle aneurysm.  Lower extremities atherosclerosis was found  in 13,8%  cases. Stroke  anamnesis had  5,6%  patients.  Prior carotid endarterectomy (CEE) was found in 30 (1,0%) cases, percutaneous intervention — 190 (6,6%) patients.  The most common comorbidity in general  group was type 2 diabetes — 505 (17,6%) cases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was found in 352 (12,3%) patients,  erosions  and  ulceration  of gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) — in 10,6% cases.Patients  of RICICD were older (62,5±7,8  vs 60,8±8,5  y.o., p=0,003),  had  AH more commonly (83,1 vs 79,8%, p=0,02), as stroke anamnesis (7,2 vs 4,5%, p=0,002), prior MI (66,8 vs 55,5%, p<0,05), prior PCI (12,9 vs 2,4%, p<0,05), COPD (13,8 vs 11,3%, p=0,044), GIT ulceration (15,2 vs 7,5%, p<0,05) in comparison to Bakulev SCCVS. Bakulev SCCVS patients had 1,5 times more prevalently the atherosclerotic lesion of lower extremities  (15,9  vs 10,6%,  p<0,05),  prior CEE was done  3,7 times  more prevalently than in RICICD (1,5 vs 0,4%, p=0,007), more commonly the combination intervention was done: CBG with valvular correction (11,3 vs 6,7%, p<0,05).Conclusion. The prevalence of comorbidity is determined by the age of patient, as regional specifics of morbidity in population hospitalizing to one or another surgical center

Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser Based on Composite Fiber Heavily Doped with Erbium Ions

A distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser with a specially designed, heavily Er3+-doped composite fiber of a length as short as 1.8 cm is demonstrated. The DBR laser, pumped by a 980 nm laser diode with power of up to 370 mW, generates single-frequency radiation at a wavelength of 1535 nm with a narrow instantaneous linewidth of 3+-doped fiber laser parameters pave the way toward a broad range of practical applications from telecommunications and sensing to scientific research