Elaboração, validação de conteúdo e da confiabilidade do instrumento para avaliação higiênico-sanitária de serviços de alimentação

It was development and content validity of the script on evaluation of the sanitary conditions in food service (SESC-FS) and also verify interrater reliability. The development of the SESC-FS was based on the current legislation of public health. The instrument was value by experts to content validity by Delphi technique. Experts were selected by experience in food safety and knowledge on development in good practice instruments. The content was validated when there was agreement among experts ≥ 70% in the classification of essential or necessary or recommended items. After content had been validated the SESC-FS was applied by 4 dietitians in a restaurant. The food service sanitary conditions were evaluated and classified as adequate, or partially adequate, or inadequate. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to compare the variance between responses. The interrater reliability was analyzed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used and significance level of 5% was adopted. The SESC-FS made of 12 blocks and 159 items. From those items 58.5% were classified as essential. The food service was reported with partially adequate sanitary conditions. No statistically significant difference was observed (p-value =  0,457). The 75% of the blocks showed ICC above 0.75, this indicating excellent interrater reliability. The content of SESC-FS was validated and could be a reliable instrument to assessing the hygienic and sanitary conditions in food service.Buscou-se elaborar, validar o conteúdo de um roteiro de avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias em Serviço de Alimentação (RACHS-SA) e verificar a confiabilidade interavaliadores. O instrumento baseou-se na legislação sanitária vigente, sendo submetido aos especialistas para validação do conteúdo pela Técnica Delphi. Os especialistas tinham experiência e/ou de-senvolviam pesquisas em segurança dos alimentos e vigilância sanitária e conhecimento sobre a construção de instrumentos de boas práticas. O conteúdo foi considerado validado quando houve concordância maior ou igual a 70% para classificação do item em: imprescindível, necessário e recomendável. Após a validação, o instrumento foi aplicado por 4 nutricionistas em um SA para avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias e verificar a confiabilidade interavaliadores utilizando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) a um nível de significância de 5%. A comparação da variância entre as respostas foi realizada pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis. O RACHS-SA contém 12 blocos e 159 itens. Dos itens, 58,5% foram classificados como imprescindíveis. O SA foi avaliado com condições higiênico-sanitárias parcialmente adequadas, não tendo ocorrido diferença estatisticamente significativa (valor p = 0,457) entre os avaliadores. Foi obtido CCI acima de 0,75 para 75% dos blocos, indicando excelente concordância entre os avaliadores. O RACHS-SA com o conteúdo validado atende à legislação vigente e permite a execução de uma avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias em serviços de alimentação

APROVEITAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS AGROINDUSTRIAIS: PRODUÇÃO DE ENZIMAS A PARTIR DA CASCA DE COCO VERDE

Investigou-se o aproveitamento da casca do coco verde, mediante fermentação semisólida, para produção de enzimas. A casca de coco foi previamente desidratada, moída e classificada em três diferentes granulometrias, ou seja, 14, 28 e 32 mesh Tyler. Todas as enzimas obtidas tiveram sua produção máxima na faixa de 24 e 96 horas, o que corresponde ao tempo de produção industrial corrente. Cada granulometria produziu complexos enzimáticos ricos em diferentes atividades. O estudo realizado validou a hipótese do aproveitamento do resíduo da casca do coco verde na produção de enzimas por Aspergillus niger. Abstract The utilization of immature coconut peel as substrate for enzyme production by solid state fermentation was investigated. The coconut peel was previously dehydrated, milled and classified in three distinct granulometries: 14, 28 and 32 mesh Tyler. All the enzymes obtained had its maximum production in 24 to 96 hour interval, which correspond to the current industrial production time. Each granulometry produced rich enzymatic complexes with different activities. This study validates the hypothesis of benefit immature coconut peel as raw material for enzyme production by Aspergillus niger

Bioremediation: Perspectives of the use biopolymers systems for slow release nutrients

Biostimulation (microbial stimulation) is the most effective bioremediation strategy, thus it’s widely used in Brazil, and is highlighted for its simplicity and low cost. In biostimulation, polymeric systems are used in controlled release of nutrients (SRN) in order to maintain their adequate concentration to stimulate xenobiotic molecule-degrading microorganisms. The use of biopolymers systems ensures biodegradability, low cost and low toxicity over synthetic ones. Despite advances in studies with naturally occurring polymers, few are used as SRN for bioremediation applications. Thus, there are still remaining gaps to be filled concerning release efficiency, and effects on microbial growth and degradation of xenobiotics. Therefore, this work aims to explore the results and advances of these biopolymeric systems used in SRN and their future perspectives in bioremediation

Bioleaching of copper sulphide flotation concentrate in batch reaction system using mesophile and thermophile microorganisms

This work aimed at approaching the use of concentrated mesophile and thermophile microorganisms (moderate and extreme ones) in leaching process of copper sulphides flotation concentrate, containing approximately 30% of bornite (Cu5FeS4) and 70% of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), for extracting copper. The objective of the bioleaching tests was to evaluate the performance of those microorganisms, varying specific parameters such as: the composition of leaching solution, the presence of energy source (ferrous sulphate) and the inoculation of cultures as such (controlling tests). To ensure optimal conditions for the microorganisms to act, the pH, temperature and stirring speed were controlled. Finally, from the microbial action and using agricultural fertiliser (N:P:K sources), a copper extraction of higher than 85% was achieved

POTENCIAL TÓXICO DE SEDIMENTOS DRAGADOS DAS BAÍAS DE SEPETIBA E DA GUANABARA (RJ) EM CENÁRIO DE DISPOSIÇÃO EM LATOSSOLO: Potential toxicity of dreged sediments from Sepetiba and Guanabara bays (RJ) in scenario of disposal in ferrasols

Inadequate discharges of domestic and industrial wastes have degraded estuarine ecosystems from Rio de Janeiro State (RJ). Dredging operations are often required to restore these environments and, because of that, the evaluation of potential toxicity of dredged materials in soils has become important. This work proposes the ecotoxicological evaluation of dredged sediments from the mouth of Saco do Engenho (Sepetiba bay, RJ), Meriti River (Guanabara bay, RJ) and Sao Francisco Channel (Sepetiba bay, RJ) in scenario of disposal in ferralsols. Metal concentrations in sediments were determined by ICP-OES, and metal enrichment factors (FE) were also estimated. The doses of sediment applied onto soils varied between 0 and 40%, where 0% = pure ferralsol. Acute bioassays with earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were performed in mixtures of soil:sediment according to standard protocol (ASTM). Median lethal concentration on 50% of the organisms (CL50), expressed in % of sediment mixed with soil, was estimated through PriProbit analysis. Metal concentrations in the sediments were above the limits established by Brazilian law (CONAMA 454 & 420) for disposal of dredged sediments in aquatic environments and soil, except for the sediment collected in the São Francisco channel, whose metal contents are in agreement for land disposal. The highest toxicity level was found for the sediment from the Saco do Engenho (CL50 = 13.06%), followed by Meriti River (CL50 = 14.60%) and São Francisco channel (CL50 = 28.02%). Such data seem to support metal concentrations determined in the sediments, whose highest concentrations were found for the Saco do Engenho, followed by Meriti River. In addition, the values of metal-enrichment factors suggest the occurrence of important metal anthropogenic sources for the sediments from Saco do Engenho and Meriti River. Finally, the sediments were toxic to the earthworms and the threshold limits established by Brazilian legislation should be revised taking into consideration the properties of the main Brazilian pedological occurrences.O descarte indiscriminado de efluentes domésticos e industriais tem degradado ecossistemas estuarinos do Estado do RJ. Ações de dragagem são comumente requeridas para recuperação destes ambientes, tornando importante a avaliação dos impactos associados à disposição terrestre de materiais dragados. O presente estudo trata da avaliação do potencial tóxico de sedimentos dragados da foz do saco do Engenho, do Canal de São Francisco (Baía de Sepetiba, RJ) e do Rio Meriti (Baía de Guanabara, RJ), em cenário de disposição em Latossolo. As concentrações de metais pesados nos sedimentos foram determinadas por ICP-OES, sendo também estimados os fatores de enriquecimento (FE). As doses de sedimento aplicadas ao solo variaram entre 0 e 40%, onde 0% = Latossolo puro. Bioensaios agudos com minhocas (Eisenia andrei) foram realizados nas misturas solo:sedimento conforme protocolo padrão (ASTM). A dose letal de sedimento a 50% dos organismos (CL50), expressa em % de sedimento adicionada ao solo, foi estimada através da análise de PriProbit. As concentrações de metais nos sedimentos estavam acima dos valores orientadores do CONAMA para disposição destes materiais em água e em solo, com exceção do sedimento do canal de São Francisco, cujos teores de metais estavam em conformidade para disposição em solo. O sedimento que mostrou maior toxicidade foi o oriundo do Saco do Engenho (CL50 = 13,06%), seguido da foz do Rio Meriti (CL50 = 14,60%) e do Canal de São Francisco (CL50 = 28,02%). Estes dados concordam com as crescentes concentrações de metais determinadas para estes materiais, sendo maiores para o sedimento do Saco do Engenho, seguido do Rio Meriti e do Canal de São Francisco. Além disso, os FEs de metais nos sedimentos do Saco do Engenho e na foz do Rio Meriti indicam a ocorrência de fontes antrópicas importantes de metais pesados para estas áreas. Por fim, os sedimentos dragados foram tóxicos às minhocas, e os valores orientadores da legislação precisam ser revistos à luz das propriedades das principais ocorrências pedológicas brasileiras

Bacuri and macaxeira waste: physical-chemical characterization and production of coconut bioaroma by solid-state fermentation

Agro-industrial waste is considered a global concern. Many of these residues are composed of considerable amounts of lipids and starch that can potentially be applied in bioprocesses, as is the case with residues from the bacuri fruit (Platonia insignis Mart.) and sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), practically unexploited in the bioproduction of aromas. This work aimed to characterize these residues and evaluate the bioproduction of coconut aroma 6-pentyl-α-pyrone from solid-state fermentation using the fungi Trichoderma harzianum. The waste underwent characterization. Fermentations were conducted under different humidification conditions (water, nutrient solution without additives, and nutrient solutions with glucose or sucrose) for nine days. Aromatic compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction and subsequently quantified by gas chromatography. Analyses with bacuri residue revealed the presence of some compounds with nutritional potential for the fungus. Still, the inhibition halo detected for Trichodermaproved others, such as resinous derivatives that were probably responsible for the lack of growth and bioproduction. In sweet cassava, the compounds detected were not growth inhibitors and had low aroma production, not exceeding 7 ppm (weight/weight). Strategically, these residues were mixed and, in the presence of a nutrient solution with sucrose, a maximum production of 202.46±1.30 ppm (w/w) of 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was achieved, proving an excellent alternative. Cassava probably served as an environment for easy germination of fungal spores and bacuri, as an important source for bioexploitation of nutrients, especially lipids, resulting in increased production of 6-pentyl-α-pyrone