Позааудиторна робота як спосіб навчання аудіювання

The article is devoted to extra-curriculum work as one of the means in teaching listening. Certain definitions of extra-curriculum work and a receptive type of the communicative activity – listening are given. The functions of extra- curriculum work and speech mechanisms for implement ing students’ communicative skills in the process of listening in social and cultural spheres as well as in the sphere of daily communication are examined in the article.Стаття присвячена позааудиторній роботі як одному із способів навчання аудіювання. Подано визначення понять позааудиторної роботи та рецептивного виду мовленнєвої діяльності – аудіювання. Розглядаються функції позааудиторної роботи та мовні механізми, що допомагають реалізувати комунікативні потреби студентів у аудіюванні в соціально-культурній сфері та у сфері повсякденного спілкування

Genome-Wide Association Study in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers Identifies Novel Loci Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk

BRCA1-associated breast and ovarian cancer risks can be modified by common genetic variants. To identify further cancer risk-modifying loci, we performed a multi-stage GWAS of 11,705 BRCA1 carriers (of whom 5,920 were diagnosed with breast and 1,839 were diagnosed with ovarian cancer), with a further replication in an additional sample of 2,646 BRCA1 carriers. We identified a novel breast cancer risk modifier locus at 1q32 for BRCA1 carriers (rs2290854, P = 2.7×10-8, HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.20). In addition, we identified two novel ovarian cancer risk modifier loci: 17q21.31 (rs17631303, P = 1.4×10-8, HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38) and 4q32.3 (rs4691139, P = 3.4×10-8, HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38). The 4q32.3 locus was not associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population or BRCA2 carriers, suggesting a BRCA1-specific associat

Позааудиторна робота як спосіб навчання аудіювання

The article is devoted to extra-curriculum work as one of the means in teaching listening. Certain definitions of extra-curriculum work and a receptive type of the communicative activity – listening are given. The functions of extra- curriculum work and speech mechanisms for implement ing students’ communicative skills in the process of listening in social and cultural spheres as well as in the sphere of daily communication are examined in the article.Стаття присвячена позааудиторній роботі як одному із способів навчання аудіювання. Подано визначення понять позааудиторної роботи та рецептивного виду мовленнєвої діяльності – аудіювання. Розглядаються функції позааудиторної роботи та мовні механізми, що допомагають реалізувати комунікативні потреби студентів у аудіюванні в соціально-культурній сфері та у сфері повсякденного спілкування

Common alleles at 6q25.1 and 1p11.2 are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 6q25.1, near the ESR1 gene, have been implicated in the susceptibility to breast cancer for Asian (rs2046210) and European women (rs9397435). A genome-wide association study in Europeans identified two further breast cancer susceptibility variants: rs11249433 at 1p11.2 and rs999737 in RAD51L1 at 14q24.1. Although previously identified breast cancer susceptibility variants have been shown to be associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, the involvement of these SNPs to breast cancer susceptibility in mutation carriers is currently unknown. To address this, we genotyped these SNPs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers from 42 studies from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2. In the analysis of 14 123 BRCA1 and 8053 BRCA2 mutation carriers of European ancestry, the 6q25.1 SNPs (r2= 0.14) were independently associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.23, P-trend = 4.5 × 10-9for rs2046210; HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18-1.40, P-trend = 1.3 × 10-8for rs9397435], but only rs9397435 was associated with the risk for BRCA2 carriers (HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01-1.28, P-trend = 0.031). SNP rs11249433 (1p11.2) was associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P-trend = 0.015), but was not associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92-1.02, P-trend = 0.20). SNP rs999737 (RAD51L1) was not associated with breast cancer risk for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers (P-trend = 0.27 and 0.30, respectively). The identification of SNPs at 6q25.1 associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers will lead to a better understanding of the biology of tumour development in these women