Children’s moral reasoning, moral emotions and prosocial behaviour: the educational implications

In the 20th century, the field of moral psychology was dominated by the assumption that moral judgements were reached exclusively by a process of reasoning (Gibbs, Basinger, Grime, & Snarey, 2007). Research ascertained a relationship between Kohlberg’s stage theory, antisocial and prosocial behaviour. However, research in the 21st century has emphasised the, “…power and prevalence of emotionally based moral intuition…” (Paxton & Greene, 2010, p.2). Theorists (Malti and Latzko, 2010) have proposed an integrative developmental perspective, in which moral emotions and moral cognition are considered to interact reciprocally over the course of development. The current study tests the hypothesis that there will be positive relationships between children’s moral reasoning, moral emotion attributions and the type of moral emotion attributions that they make, based on Tangney, Stuewig, & Mashek’s (2007) distinction between self-conscious emotions and other-focussed moral emotions. The current study tests the hypothesis that these variables will be able to predict variance in children’s scores of prosocial behaviour. Consequently, 108 7-to 8-year-olds were asked to examine two illustrated transgressions and one illustrated dilemma. Children’s moral reasoning and moral emotion attributions to the victim, victimiser and themselves as observers of moral scenarios were assessed. Additionally, 13 teachers, 12 teaching assistants and 108 parents provided ratings for children’s prosocial behaviour. Positive correlations were found between the predictor variables. Children’s scores of moral reasoning were able to predict some variance in scores of prosocial behaviour. Interpretations of the findings are discussed with regard to children’s moral reasoning, moral emotions and social behaviour. Implications for educators and educational psychologists are considered

A novel case of MSTO1 gene related congenital muscular dystrophy with progressive neurological involvement

Recessive mutations in the MSTO1 gene, encoding for a mitochondrial distribution and morphology regulator, have been recently described in a very limited number of patients with multisystem involvement, mostly characterized by myopathy or dystrophy, cerebellar ataxia, pigmentary retinopathy and raised creatine kinase levels. Here we report an additional patient with recessive MSTO1-related muscular dystrophy (MSTO1-RD), and clinical and radiological evidence of progressive cerebellar involvement. Whole-exome sequencing identified two novel MSTO1 missense variants, c.766C > T (p. (Arg256Trp) and c.1435C > T (p. (Pro479Ser), predicted as damaging by in silico tools. We also report a distinct pattern of selective involvement on muscle MRI in MSTO1-RD. This case confirms a consistent MSTO1-related neuromuscular phenotype and in addition suggests a progressive neurological component at least in some patients, in keeping with the mitochondrial role of the defective protein