ANALYSIS OF ETHANOL USING COPPER AND NICKEL SHEET ELECTRODES BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY

Abstract Analysis of ethanol using copper and nickel sheet electrodes by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method has been carried out. The linear correlations between ethanol concentrations with current density were recorded for both electrodes. The results, of the study showed that the correlation coefficient using Cu electrode was r = 0.9957 and limit of detection of 0.5% (v/v) comparatively, by Ni electrode the correlation coefficient of obtained r = 0.9956 with the same limit of detection with Cu electrode. As a conclusion, it can be made that Cu electrode was a better electrode compared to Ni electrode for analyzing of ethanol using CV method, however it was observed that Cu electrode was easily oxidized by the formation of metal oxide on the electrode surface compared to Ni electrode. Abstrak Satu kajian analisis etanol menggunakan elektrod kepingan kuprum dan nikel menggunakan kaedah voltammetri berkitar (CV) telah dijalankan. Hubungan linear antara kepekatan etanol dengan ketumpatan arus telah direkodkan untuk kedua-dua elektrod. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pekali korelasi daripada graf tentukuran menggunakan elektrod Cu ialah r = 0.9957 dengan had pengesanan 0.5% (v/v) berbanding dengan elektrod Ni dengan pekali korelasi ialah r = 0.9956 dan had pengesanan sama dengan elektrod Cu. Kesimpulannya, elektrod Cu lebih baik berbanding elektrod Ni untuk analisis etanol menggunakan kaedah CV. Walau bagaimanapun, hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa elektrod Cu lebih mudah mengalami proses pengoksidaan dalam larutan alkali dan membentuk sebatian logam oksida di permukaan elektrod berbanding elektrod Ni. Introduction Alcohols in so many beverages require to be analyzed for the purpose of observation, health and commerce. The most used method for the determination of ethanol in beverages is based on the separation of compound by distillation for further measurement of a physical property such as the specific gravity. Instrumental methods such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, near and mid-spectroscopy, fluorimetry and colorimetry have also been describe

Total Quality Management Approach for Malaysian SMEs: Conceptual Framework

Abstract Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs

The Role of Job Satisfaction as Mediator in the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Indonesian Teachers

Abstract In implementing educational goals, teachers play an important role in ensuring their . In addition, job satisfaction significantly mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behavior

A New Directed Signature Scheme With Hybrid Problems

Abstract In this paper, we proposed a new directed signature scheme based on hybrid problems; factoring and discrete logarithm. This scheme authorizes only an intended verifier to verify a resulting signature. In fact, both signer and verifier also should be able to prove the resulted signature to any third party whenever necessary. Until today, the security of many existing directed signatures is only based on a single hard problem like factoring, discrete logarithm or elliptic curve discrete logarithm. Although these schemes seem secure nowadays but in a near future, if an adversary finds a solution of these hard problems then the schemes will no longer be secured. Thus, we develop a newly designed scheme which provides greater security level than single hard problem-based scheme since it is impossible for the adversary to solve the two hard problems simultaneously

Resistance in rice to multiplication of the two tungro viruses + (Kerintangan pokok padi terhadap penggandaan dua virus penyakit merah)

Abstrak Penggandaan virus basiliform penyakit merah padi (RTBV) dan virus sfera penyakit merah padi (RTSV) dalam 14 varieti padi telah dikaji. Sap daripada setiap pokok telah dinilai untuk kehadiran virus melalui kaedah cerakinan imunopengerap rangkaian enzim (ELISA) pada 21 hari selepas semaian diinokulat. Nilai purata keserapan bagi RTBV yang menggambarkan kepekatan kandungannya berbeza antara varieti. Nilai yang besar pada TN1, IR42, MR 106 dan MR 81 menunjukkan kerentanan varieti ini terhadap penggandaan RTBV. Nilai keserapan adalah sederhana pada Latisail, Basmati 370, MR 84, Habiganj DW8 serta Y1036 dan kecil pada Utri Merah, Utri Rajapan dan Balimau Putih. Apabila contoh sap Utri Merah dan Balimau Putih dinilai pada minggu yang berlainan selepas penginokulatan, nilai keserapan ELISA mereka yang kecil dan tekal menunjukkan rendahnya tahap penggandaan RTBV dalam varieti yang berkenaan. Pokok-pokok Basmati 370, Habiganj DW8, Kataribhog, MR 81, Pankhari 203, Utri Merah, Utri Rajapan dan Y1036 yang diinokulat memberikan nilai purata keserapan terhadap RTSV yang amat kecil, tidak dijangkiti secara kualitatifnya, dan tidak berfungsi sebagai sumber inokulum. Ini menunjukkan kerintangan mereka terhadap jangkitan RTSV. Balimau Putih yang mempunyai kadar penggandaan RTBV dan RTSV yang sederhana rendah boleh berfungsi sebagai sumber inokulum PMV yang sederhana cekap. Abstrac