Courses of the Human Sublingual Artery

The purpose of the present study was to classify the courses of the human sublingual artery. For this purpose, the arteries supplying the floor of the mouth and the tongue were gross anatomically investigated, using 101 sides of 53 cadavers. The courses were divided into three categories: those passing medial or lateral to the hyoglossus (Categories M and L) and that piercing the mylohyoid (Category P), which were subdivided into five types. Category M had one type regarded as the usual type in which the lingual artery took the usual pattern of distribution. Categories L and P, in which the sublingual artery arose from the facial or submental artery, had the respective two types and were collectively regarded as the unusual type. Sixty-one and 36 of the 101 sides were of the usual and unusual types, respectively, the latter of which included 17 of Category L and 19 of Category P. The remaining four were variations of the lingual artery itself. On examining the types by gender, the usual type was more often found in females (75.6%), whereas the unusual type was more often found in males (48.1%). Bilateral occurrence of the same type was often found in both the usual type (77.4%) and the unusual type (65.0%). Existence of the sublingual artery branch significantly increased the thicknesses of the submental arteries. The classification proposed here will conceivably contribute to safer dental implant surgery and more accurate interpretation of angiographic images of arteries in the floor of the mouth

FIR Ceramics Promote the Formation of Bone

Far infrared ray (FIR) energy radiated by the natural ceramics (Rhyolite) cooled FIR ceramics activates water molecules and blood circulation to stimulate skin and other tissues. The aim of our study is to make clear whether the FIR ceramics radiating FIR energy affect or not on the new bone formation in vivo and in vitro. Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in FIR CO2 incubator. The cell proliferation and the gene expression were analyzed by using WST-8 assay kit, RT-PCR and micro array analysis. The enzyme activities were analyzed by using the apiRZYM kit. Furthermore, titanium and natural FIR ceramics compounds were implanted under the periosteium of rat skull bone by injection method. Four weeks later, the samples were examined by the light microscope and micro CT analyses. Results: Proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cell was and DNA concentrations were inhibited by FIR energy radiation. The ALP activities were accelerated and the area of calcification nodules increased on 4 weeks. The RT-PCR data showed that the gene Runx2, Osterix, BSP, OCN, Col1a1 and OPN expression of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast like cells was activated. Bone mineral density (BMD mg/cm²) of implanted sites of T50-F50, T25-F75 and F100 groups was significantly enhanced after 4 weeks compared with control groups. This data shows FIR energy radiation by the natural FIR ceramics promoted bone-forming activity of osteoblasts. Significance: This study suggested that new bioactive ceramics such us natural FIR ceramics was useful for some clinically applications to repair bone defects for example of dental implant surgery

Higher-order modulations in the skyrmion-lattice phase of Cu2_2OSeO3_3

Using small angle neutron scattering, we have investigated higher-order peaks in the skyrmion-lattice phase of Cu$_2$OSeO$_3$, in which two different skyrmion lattices, SkX1 and SkX2, are known to form. For each skyrmion-lattice phase, we observed two sets of symmetrically inequivalent peaks at the higher-order-reflection positions with the indices $(110)$ and $(200)$. Under the condition where the SkX1 and SkX2 coexist, we confirmed the absence of the scattering at $\mathbf{Q}$ positions combining reflections from the two phases, indicating a significantly weak double-scattering component. Detailed analysis of the peak profile, as well as the temperature and magnetic-field dependence of the peak intensity, also supports the intrinsic higher-order modulation rather than the parasitic double scattering. The two higher-order modulations show contrasting magnetic-field dependence; the former $(110)$ increases as the field is increased, whereas the latter $(200)$ decreases. This indicates that, in Cu$_2$OSeO$_3$, skyrmions are weakly distorted, and the distortion is field-dependent in a way that the dominant higher-order modulation switches from $(110)$ to $(200)$ under field. Monte Carlo simulations under sweeping external magnetic field qualitatively reproduce the observed magnetic-field dependence, and suggests that the higher-order modulations correspond to the superlattices of weak swirlings appearing in the middle of the original triangular-latticed skyrmions.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figure

Glucose Metabolism in Cataractous Lens

Since the sorbitol pathway in the lens of a diabetic rat was discovered, the relation between cataract formation and aldose reductase has been studied. We measured glucose, sorbitol and fructose in the human cataractous lens by the gaschromatography. Additionally, we measured sugar and polyols in bovine, pig and rabbit lens. The ratio of sorbitol/glucose is high in rabbit, pig and bovine lens in order. In the human cataractous lens, glucose is increased in accordance with development of cataract. On the other hand, sorbitol content is high in the diabetic lens and low in the senile cataractous lens. The aldose reductase inhibitor may have beneficial effects in the prevention of diabetic cataract formation, but have not the therapeutic effect in the senile cataract

Task-adaptive physical reservoir computing

Reservoir computing is a neuromorphic architecture that may offer viable solutions to the growing energy costs of machine learning. In software-based machine learning, computing performance can be readily reconfigured to suit different computational tasks by tuning hyperparameters. This critical functionality is missing in 'physical' reservoir computing schemes that exploit nonlinear and history-dependent responses of physical systems for data processing. Here we overcome this issue with a 'task-adaptive' approach to physical reservoir computing. By leveraging a thermodynamical phase space to reconfigure key reservoir properties, we optimize computational performance across a diverse task set. We use the spin-wave spectra of the chiral magnet Cu2OSeO3 that hosts skyrmion, conical and helical magnetic phases, providing on-demand access to different computational reservoir responses. The task-adaptive approach is applicable to a wide variety of physical systems, which we show in other chiral magnets via above (and near) room-temperature demonstrations in Co8.5Zn8.5Mn3 (and FeGe)

Task-adaptive physical reservoir computing

Reservoir computing is a neuromorphic architecture that potentially offers viable solutions to the growing energy costs of machine learning. In software-based machine learning, neural network properties and performance can be readily reconfigured to suit different computational tasks by changing hyperparameters. This critical functionality is missing in ``physical" reservoir computing schemes that exploit nonlinear and history-dependent memory responses of physical systems for data processing. Here, we experimentally present a `task-adaptive' approach to physical reservoir computing, capable of reconfiguring key reservoir properties (nonlinearity, memory-capacity and complexity) to optimise computational performance across a broad range of tasks. As a model case of this, we use the temperature and magnetic-field controlled spin-wave response of Cu$_2$OSeO$_3$ that hosts skyrmion, conical and helical magnetic phases, providing on-demand access to a host of different physical reservoir responses. We quantify phase-tunable reservoir performance, characterise their properties and discuss the correlation between these in physical reservoirs. This task-adaptive approach overcomes key prior limitations of physical reservoirs, opening opportunities to apply thermodynamically stable and metastable phase control across a wide variety of physical reservoir systems, as we show its transferable nature using above(near)-room-temperature demonstration with Co$_{8.5}$Zn$_{8.5}$Mn$_{3}$ (FeGe).Comment: Main manuscript: 14 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary materials: 13 pages, 10 figure