Avoidable mortality in acute myocardial infarction at hospital level : where to look for answers?

Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2017Background: Outcomes assessment is very important for improving health care outcomes and control spending. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was chosen for its prevalence, high morbidity and mortality, relevant mortality variability and high treatment costs. Purpose: To study the differences between hospitals in AMI mortality and the associated waste from unjustified variation. Methods: Patients with AMI discharged from public hospitals in our country in 2011–13 were selected and anonymized administrative data was utilized. The relevant variables to explain the differences in mortality were: patient characteristics (demographics, AMI type, comorbidities, and procedures), hospital characteristics (hospital with “coronary green way”, volume, and university hospital), and travel time to hospital. Generalized linear mixed models (1st level: patient, 2nd level: hospital) were used and specifically binary logistic regression was applied. The differences in mortality explained by each group of variables were evaluated with a percentual rate of Pseudo-r2. We considered as waste the number of additional deaths in each hospital compared to patients with the same characteristics, through the hospital random effect variance (difference of each hospital to the global odds). Results: 22.380 patients treated in 17 hospitals were included. Mortality rate was 9.5%. The mortality rate varied between 5.4% (H11) and 14.1% (H3). Our model explained 29.8% of the differences in mortality. Comorbidities explained 23.2% of mortality differences, demographic variables 7.8%, procedures 6.6%, and type of AMI 2.8%. Angioplasty and primary angioplasty procedures were protective factors, since all other procedures showed a comparatively increased risk of death, particularly fibrinolysis without angioplasty (OR 5.9; CI 3.2–10.9). Across all hospitals, there were 137 avoidable deaths, with a variation between -81 deaths (hospital with lower mortality) and +133 deaths (hospital with higher mortality). As shown in Fig. 1, there was a risk of death 3.5 times higher at H8 than at H7. The model showed excellent discrimination (area under the ROC curve: 0.871). Conclusion: We observed significant differences in mortality in acute myocardial infarction between hospitals, therefore indicating variability of practices. The scale of avoidable deaths justifies an investigation of its causes, mainly in the hospitals with worse performance. The hospital characteristics had little impact on the detected differences, so the inefficiencies are probably more related with the internal organization of hospitals and the way care is provided. These results raise relevant concerns at the health system and hospitals levels, in particular about the compliance with AMI guidelines.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

M-FISH evaluation of chromosome aberrations to examine for historical exposure to ionising radiation due to participation at British nuclear test sites

All data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files).Data availability statement: All data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files) available online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/ad1743 .Veterans of the British nuclear testing programme represent a population of ex-military personnel who had the potential to be exposed to ionising radiation through their participation at nuclear testing sites in the 1950s and 1960s. In the intervening years, members of this population have raised concerns about the status of their health and that of their descendants, as a consequence. Radiation dose estimates based on film badge measurements of external dose recorded at the time of the tests suggest any exposure to be limited for the majority of personnel, however, only ∼20% of personnel were monitored and no measurement for internalised exposure are on record. Here, to in-part address families concerns, we assay for chromosomal evidence of historical radiation exposure in a group of aged nuclear test (NT) veterans, using multiplex in situ hybridisation (M-FISH), for comparison with a matched group of veterans who were not present at NT sites. In total, we analysed 9379 and 7698 metaphase cells using M-FISH (24-colour karyotyping) from 48 NT and 38 control veteran samples, representing veteran servicemen from the army, Royal Airforce and Royal Navy. We observed stable and unstable simple- and complex-type chromosome aberrations in both NT and control veterans' samples, however find no significant difference in yield of any chromosome aberration type between the two cohorts. We do observe higher average frequencies of complex chromosome aberrations in a very small subset of veterans previously identified as having a higher potential for radiation exposure, which may be indicative of internalised contamination to long-lived radionuclides from radiation fallout. By utilising recently published whole genome sequence analysis data of a sub-set of the same family groups, we examined for but found no relationship between paternal chromosome aberration burden, germline mutation frequency and self-reported concerns of adverse health in family members, suggesting that the previously reported health issues by participants in this study are unlikely to be associated with historical radiation exposure. We did observe a small number of families, representing both control and NT cohorts, showing a relationship between paternal chromosome aberrations and germline mutation sub-types which should be explored in future studies. In conclusion, we find no cytogenetic evidence of historical radiation exposure in the cohort of nuclear veterans sampled here, offering reassurance that attendance at NTs sites by the veterans sampled here, was not associated with significant levels of exposure to radiation.Nuclear Community Charity Fund (NCCF) through funds received by The Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust under the Aged Veterans Fund Grants AVF15A and AVF16. The funding organization had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript

Fifteen years of coronary intravascular ultrasound in percutaneous coronary intervention in Portugal.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is increasingly important in catheterization laboratories due to its positive prognostic impact. This study aims to characterize the use of IVUS in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Portugal. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed based on the Portuguese Registry on Interventional Cardiology of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology. The clinical and angiographic profiles of patients who underwent PCI between 2002 and 2016, the percentage of IVUS use, and the coronary arteries assessed were characterized. RESULTS: A total of 118 706 PCIs were included, in which IVUS was used in 2266 (1.9%). Over time, use of IVUS changed from none in 2002 to generally increasing use from 2003 (0.1%) to 2016 (2.4%). The age of patients in whom coronary IVUS was used was similar to that of patients in whom IVUS was not used, but in the former group there were fewer male patients, and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes), previous myocardial infarction, previous PCI, multivessel coronary disease, C-type or bifurcated coronary lesions, and in-stent restenosis. IVUS was used in 54.8% of elective PCIs and in 19.15% of PCIs of the left main coronary artery. CONCLUSION: Coronary IVUS has been increasingly used in Portugal since 2003. It is used preferentially in elective PCIs, and in patients with higher cardiovascular risk, with more complex coronary lesions and lesions of the left main coronary artery.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Quinze anos de ecografia intravascular coronária emintervenc ̧ão coronária percutânea em Portugal

INTRODUCTION: Coronary intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is increasingly important in catheterization laboratories due to its positive prognostic impact. This study aims to characterize the use of IVUS in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Portugal. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed based on the Portuguese Registry on Interventional Cardiology of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology. The clinical and angiographic profiles of patients who underwent PCI between 2002 and 2016, the percentage of IVUS use, and the coronary arteries assessed were characterized. RESULTS: A total of 118 706 PCIs were included, in which IVUS was used in 2266 (1.9%). Over time, use of IVUS changed from none in 2002 to generally increasing use from 2003 (0.1%) to 2016 (2.4%). The age of patients in whom coronary IVUS was used was similar to that of patients in whom IVUS was not used, but in the former group there were fewer male patients, and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes), previous myocardial infarction, previous PCI, multivessel coronary disease, C-type or bifurcated coronary lesions, and in-stent restenosis. IVUS was used in 54.8% of elective PCIs and in 19.15% of PCIs of the left main coronary artery. CONCLUSION: Coronary IVUS has been increasingly used in Portugal since 2003. It is used preferentially in elective PCIs, and in patients with higher cardiovascular risk, with more complex coronary lesions and lesions of the left main coronary artery.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

In Memoriam: A Memoir for Our Fallen "Heroes"

This article is made available for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or be any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.Even though neurosurgeons exercise these enormous and versatile skills, the COVID-19 pandemic has shaken the fabrics of the global neurosurgical family, jeopardizing human lives, and forcing the entire world to be locked down. We stand on the shoulders of the giants and will not forget their examples and their teachings. We will work to the best of our ability to honor their memory. Professor Harvey Cushing said: “When to take great risks; when to withdraw in the face of unexpected difficulties; whether to force an attempted enucleation of a pathologically favorable tumor to its completion with the prospect of an operative fatality, or to abandon the procedure short of completeness with the certainty that after months or years even greater risks may have to be faced at a subsequent session—all these require surgical judgment which is a matter of long experience.” It is up to us, therefore, to keep on the noble path that we have decided to undertake, to accumulate the surgical experience that these icons have shown us, the fruit of sacrifice and obstinacy. Our tribute goes to them; we will always remember their excellent work and their brilliant careers that will continue to enlighten all of us. This memorial is intended to commemorate our colleagues who succumbed during the first 4 months

Effects of alirocumab on types of myocardial infarction: insights from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial

Aims  The third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Task Force classified MIs into five types: Type 1, spontaneous; Type 2, related to oxygen supply/demand imbalance; Type 3, fatal without ascertainment of cardiac biomarkers; Type 4, related to percutaneous coronary intervention; and Type 5, related to coronary artery bypass surgery. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduces risk of MI, but less is known about effects on types of MI. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated LDL-C (≥1.8 mmol/L) despite intensive statin therapy. In a pre-specified analysis, we assessed the effects of alirocumab on types of MI. Methods and results  Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Myocardial infarction types were prospectively adjudicated and classified. Of 1860 total MIs, 1223 (65.8%) were adjudicated as Type 1, 386 (20.8%) as Type 2, and 244 (13.1%) as Type 4. Few events were Type 3 (n = 2) or Type 5 (n = 5). Alirocumab reduced first MIs [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.95; P = 0.003], with reductions in both Type 1 (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.032) and Type 2 (0.77, 0.61–0.97; P = 0.025), but not Type 4 MI. Conclusion  After ACS, alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy favourably impacted on Type 1 and 2 MIs. The data indicate for the first time that a lipid-lowering therapy can attenuate the risk of Type 2 MI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below levels achievable with statins is an effective preventive strategy for both MI types.For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz299</p

Effect of alirocumab on mortality after acute coronary syndromes. An analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomized clinical trial

Background: Previous trials of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9) inhibitors demonstrated reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events, but not death. We assessed the effects of alirocumab on death after index acute coronary syndrome. Methods: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) was a double-blind, randomized comparison of alirocumab or placebo in 18 924 patients who had an ACS 1 to 12 months previously and elevated atherogenic lipoproteins despite intensive statin therapy. Alirocumab dose was blindly titrated to target achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between 25 and 50 mg/dL. We examined the effects of treatment on all-cause death and its components, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, with log-rank testing. Joint semiparametric models tested associations between nonfatal cardiovascular events and cardiovascular or noncardiovascular death. Results: Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Death occurred in 334 (3.5%) and 392 (4.1%) patients, respectively, in the alirocumab and placebo groups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.98; P=0.03, nominal P value). This resulted from nonsignificantly fewer cardiovascular (240 [2.5%] vs 271 [2.9%]; HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.05; P=0.15) and noncardiovascular (94 [1.0%] vs 121 [1.3%]; HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.01; P=0.06) deaths with alirocumab. In a prespecified analysis of 8242 patients eligible for ≥3 years follow-up, alirocumab reduced death (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.94; P=0.01). Patients with nonfatal cardiovascular events were at increased risk for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths (P<0.0001 for the associations). Alirocumab reduced total nonfatal cardiovascular events (P<0.001) and thereby may have attenuated the number of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths. A post hoc analysis found that, compared to patients with lower LDL-C, patients with baseline LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL (2.59 mmol/L) had a greater absolute risk of death and a larger mortality benefit from alirocumab (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90; Pinteraction=0.007). In the alirocumab group, all-cause death declined wit h achieved LDL-C at 4 months of treatment, to a level of approximately 30 mg/dL (adjusted P=0.017 for linear trend). Conclusions: Alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy has the potential to reduce death after acute coronary syndrome, particularly if treatment is maintained for ≥3 years, if baseline LDL-C is ≥100 mg/dL, or if achieved LDL-C is low. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01663402

A Medicina Física e de Reabilitação no Tratamento Multidisciplinar da Fibrose Quística

A Fibrose Quística (FQ), é a doença hereditária mais comum na população caucasiana. Há uma grande variedade na apresentação e na gravidade clínicas. Os orgãos mais afectados são o pulmão e o pâncreas. Na maioria dos pacientes, a doença apresenta-se, na infância, como infecções recorrentes ou persistentes do tracto respiratório, malabsorção intestinal e má progressão ponderal. A maioria da morbilidade e mais de 90% da mortalidade correlaciona-se com doença pulmonar crónica e suas complicações. O papel da MFR no tratamento desta doença, está relacionado com a redução da obstrução das vias aéreas, melhorando a drenagem de secreções no sentido de melhorar a função pulmonar e tolerância ao exercício, manutenção/ melhoria da massa óssea, manutenção das amplitudes articulares e promoção do exercício aeróbio. A reabilitação respiratória, essencial no tratamento desta patologia, utiliza técnicas de limpeza das vias aéreas, de drenagem postural, drenagem autogénica, percussão torácica, pode auxiliar-se de dispositivos de pressão expiratória positiva. A utilização de técnicas com o objectivo de colheita de expectoração é de extrema importância, especialmente na criança mais pequena, porque o tratamento deve ser direccionado no sentido de identificar e erradicar as bactérias das vias aéreas. Nenhuma das técnicas é melhor que a anterior. As sessões de cinesiterapia respiratória devem ser frequentes e é importante também realçar a necessidade da realização de exercícios no domicílio. Nos periodos perioperatórios a cinesiterapia respiratória deve ser mandatória. Este trabalho pretende alertar para o papel essencial da MFR no tratamento das crianças com esta doença, integrada numa equipa multidisciplinar. A melhoria no tratamento da FQ e sobretudo das complicações respiratórias, conduziu a um aumento da esperança de vida

Tratamento do Quelóide: O Estado da Arte

Uma das complicações da cicatrização cutânea é a formação de quelóide. O quelóide surge por alterações no processo de cicatrização, com produção excessiva de colagénio e conduzem a limitação estética ou mesmo funcional. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica do tratamento dos quelóides nos motores de busca PubMed, Gateway Ovid, Medscape. Resultados: O tratamento pode consistir em crioterapia, silicone, pressoterapia, injecção com corticóide, radiação ou cirurgia. Das muitas técnicas usadas no tratamento dos quelóides, poucas estão fundamentadas em estudos prospectivos com grupos controlo adequados. O uso de silicone e a injecção intralesional com corticosteróides, são os únicos tratamentos para os quais há recomendações baseadas na evidência. Conclusão: Não há guidelines para o tratamento dos quelóides. O tratamento tem que ser individualizado, dependendo da distribuição, dimensões, espessura e consistência das lesões. É importante que as práticas usadas e as novas técnicas emergentes sejam baseadas em estudos de larga escala e com follow-up longo antes de serem efectivamente recomendados