Riflessioni e divagazioni sulla legislazione europea in materia di tutela e circolazione dei beni librari

Editore Il MulinoPublisher Il Mulin

Neurovisual training (TRIGRAM) in young patients with visual-perceptive dyslexia

Dyslexia is a language-based learning disability. Although this condition is characterized by anatomical malformation of the brain, it seems that the typical reading pattern of dyslexic may be also related to more complex sensory deficits. Among them, visual- perceptive deficits have been described in a subtype of dyslexia, called visual-perceptive dyslexia. The distinctive feature of a patient suffering from visual-perceptive dyslexia form is marked by effortlessly recognize the characteristics of each individual stimulus. The Tetra protocol is a visual-perceptual evaluation protocol that was introduced for the diagnostic phase and the rehabilitation of visual-perceptive dyslexia. The diagnostic tests include: the eidomorphometry test, designed to evaluate the perception of spatial relationships; the contrast sensitivity threshold test, especially at low spatial frequencies; and the REPORT TEST words, to assess the speed and the reading efficiency. In addition, the rehabilitation phase is carried out with the visual neuro-enhancement program TRIGRAM, a visual training proposal designed to reduce the lateral masking phenomenon in visual-perceptive dyslexic. Thus, in this study we used the diagnostic tests of TETRA® Protocol to determine presence of visual-perceptual abnormalities in children with dyslexia. Proven time the presence of these visual-perceptual alterations, the patients were also subjected to the rehabilitation sessions of TRIGRAM, in order to investigate whether this visual training may improve the pattern of reading. At the end of the program (t1) and after three months (t2), the same subjects underwent the same diagnostic tests of TETRA® Protocol to evaluate and confirm the results obtained during rehabilitation program. The results showed a significant increase in contrast sensitivity at low and high spatial frequencies. Moreover, the same improvements in the visual system's ability to discriminate the contours of an object within the field of view, have been maintained three months after the end of treatment. We also observed a significant improvement in the perception of spatial relationships, with reduction of SRA value. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the visual rehabilitation training (TRIGRAM) is able to improve the perception of spatial relationships, and increase contrast sensitivity in young patients affected by "visual dyslexia". Nonetheless, these data need to be confirmed in larger cohort of subjects in order to establish whether these effects can also increase lexical ability (increased reading speed and reduce errors during the lexical task)

Le leggi della moda

Tutti i risvolti legali e finanziari del mercato della moda e del lusso, illustrati in ordine alfabetico attraverso le parole più note del mondo della mod

Evaluation of vision in gnathological and orthodontic patients with temporomandibular disorders: a prospective experimental observational cohort study

Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), orthodontic diseases, and vision dysfunctions seem to be strictly related. The purpose of this study was to prove the relationship, to evaluate the prevalence and the distribution of vision defects in dysfunctional and orthodontic patients, and to establish the type of the relationship. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients with TMDs were selected and studied through epidemiological analyses of the following factors: gnathological parameters (temporomandibular joint pathologies according to Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders); occlusal and skeletal parameters (overjet, overbite, dental class, transversal discrepancies, and mandibular asymmetry); and orthoptic parameters (refractive defects and oculomotor diseases). A prospective experimental observational cohort study was conducted. A comparison with the average frequency of vision defects of the Italian population was performed. The prevalence of vision defects was evaluated. All gnathological and orthodontic parameters were associated with the orthoptic ones. A descriptive and statistical analysis of the data was carried out with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software; z test (P 0.05), frequency analysis (frequency 50%), chi-square test, and Student's t test (P 0.05) were performed. The scientific consistency was evaluated by using the scientific criteria of Bradford Hill. Results: The comparison with the Italian population showed a higher frequency of refractive defects in the study sample (P 0.001). The most frequent vision defects were phorias (92%) and tropia (3%). The increased frequency of ocular convergence reduction in the presence of disc displacement with reduction was significant (n = 28; 60%; P 0.05). In the presence of asymmetry, low frequencies of astigmatism (n = 18; 30%) were observed compared to its absence (n = 22; 54%) (P 0.05) and high frequencies of motor ocular deviations (n = 59; 100%) were observed compared to its absence (n = 36; 88%) (P 0.05). In the presence of headache, low frequencies of emmetropia (n = 13; 22%) and higher frequencies of hyperopia (n = 18; 30%) were observed (P 0.05). Two of five scientific criteria of Bradford Hill were met. Conclusion: It seems to emerge a possible positive relationship between TMD and vision defects. In particular, the most interesting associations were found between functional or skeletal orthognathic alterations and oculomotor dysfunctions. However, it was not possible to establish the type of relationship

Mercato dell'arte e disciplina degli art funds

Secondo il TEFAF Art Market Report 2015, un ampio rapporto che ha esaminato il mercato globale dell’arte durante il 2014, tale mercato ha raggiunto il maggior tasso di crescita mai prima registrato, per un totale di più di 51 miliardi di euro a livello mondiale, con un incremento del 7% annuo, portandosi così al di sopra del livello pre-recessione, registrato nel 2007, che era stato pari a 48 miliardi di euro. In tale scenario, dopo aver ripercorso i passaggi che inducono a considerare risolti definitivamente, ed in senso positivo, i problemi di opportunità, per così dire, della sussunzione dei beni d’arte nel contesto della gestione collettiva del risparmio, il contributo tenta di dare una risposta più articolata ad alcune questioni: perché considerare l’arte come asset class? Perché alcuni gestori di fondi investono in opere d’arte? E ancora: quali sono le caratteristiche ed il quadro regolatorio del c.d. mercato dell’arte, soprattutto dopo l’attuazione della Direttiva sui gestori dei fondi di investimento alternativi? Non da ultimo, in tale contesto, si analizzeranno le peculiarità e le criticità dei fondi di arte, anche attraverso una mappatura – seppur parziale, in quanto realizzata in base ai dati cui si è riusciti ad avere accesso - degli art funds esistenti.According to the TEFAF Art Market Report 2015, a comprehensive report that examined the global art market during 2014, that market has achieved the highest growth rate never before recorded, for a total of more than EUR 51 billion worldwide , an increase of 7% per annum, reaching well above the pre-recession level, recorded in 2007, which had amounted to 48 billion euro. In this scenario, after having outlined the steps that lead to consider resolved permanently, and in a positive sense, the problems of opportunity, as it were, the subsumption of the art assets in the context of the collective asset management, the contribution attempts to give a more detailed response to some questions: why consider art as an asset class? Why do some fund managers invest in works of art? And again: what are the characteristics and the regulatory framework of the SO-CALLED art market, especially after the implementation of the Directive on alternative investment fund managers? Not least in this context, we will analyze the peculiarities and weaknesses of art funds, including through mapping - albeit partial, as it made based on the data that we were able to have access - the art existing funds

Piattaforme digitali: punto della situazione e case study

Il contributo intende analizzare empiricamente, anche alla luce della recente proposta di legge sulla «Disciplina delle piattaforme digitali per la condivisione di beni e servizi e disposizioni per la promozione dell’economia della condivisione», alcuni casi italiani di piattaforme digitali: individuandone il funzionamento, la disciplina giuridica e fiscale applicabile, l’impatto (attuale e potenziale) nel mercato di riferimento ed i profili di tutela degli utenti dei servizi forniti dalla piattaforma. In tale contesto, infine, si tenterà di censire le principali piattaforme digitali attualmente esistenti nel resto del mondo, e di immaginare – anche in prospettiva - lo scenario giuridico, complessivo e necessariamente globale (per usare un termine abusato), nel quale le medesime si muovono

Characterization of the Mediterranean basin in terms of "Temperature Humidity Index" (THI) and relationships between THI and mortality in dairy cows

Condizioni meteorologiche e clima influenzano fortemente il settore delle produzioni animali. Lo stress da caldo determina una significativa riduzione dell'attività metabolica, della produzione, della capacità riproduttiva e una maggiore predisposizione alle malattie. Nel contesto biologico, la temperatura dell’aria è sicuramente considerata il principale fattore di stress, tuttavia, un’elevata umidità peggiora l'effetto della temperatura riducendo le perdite di calore per evaporazione e ostacolando quindi l’eliminazione del calore in eccesso. Scopi principali della ricerca sono stati la caratterizzazione dell’area del Mediterraneo in termini di Temperature Humidity Index (THI) e stabilire le relazioni tra stagione/THI e mortalità nella bovina da latte allevata in un’area geografica Italiana altamente vocata per questo tipo di allevamento. I risultati suggeriscono che, allevatori e politici che operano nell’area Mediterranea, dovrebbero tenere nella dovuta considerazione variabilità e scenari del THI nella pianificazione degli investimenti nel settore delle produzioni animali. Conoscere in anticipo il verificarsi di condizioni climatiche avverse permetterebbe agli allevatori di metter in atto misure di contrasto sugli effetti negativi delle condizioni climatiche. Inoltre, dovrebbero venire sviluppate misure di adattamento appropriate per contesti specifici in termini di cultura, società, o sistemi politici, che possano contribuire alla sostenibilità ambientale, nonché allo sviluppo economico e alla lotta alla povertà.Weather and climate strongly influence the field of animal production. Heat stress causes a significant reduction in metabolic activity, production, reproductive capacity, and increases susceptibility to diseases. In the biological context, the air temperature is definitely considered the main factor of stress, however, high humidity worsens the effect of temperature by reducing the evaporation heat loss and thus preventing the removal of excess heat. The main purposes of the research were the characterization of the Mediterranean basin in terms of Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and to establish relationships between season/THI and mortality in dairy cattle bred in an Italian geographic area with a high concentration of dairy farms. THI variability and scenarios should be taken into careful consideration by farmers and policy makers operating in Mediterranean countries when planning investments. Investments should at least partially be directed to implementation of adaptation measures, which may support farmers in the transition to climate-smart agriculture and help them to alleviate the impact of hot extremes on animal welfare, performance and health. In addition, measures should be developed appropriate adaptation to the specific contexts in terms of culture, society, or political systems, which can contribute to environmental sustainability and economic development and fighting poverty

Blockchain e arte: quali vantaggi per operatori e utenti

l cd “sistema dell’arte” è una realtà decisamente consolidata, anche se nota soprattutto agli addetti ai lavori, dominata da regole scritte e ancor più da regole non scritte, che costituisce un vero e proprio sistema di potere – in grado di fare la differenza per la fortuna, e quindi le quotazioni, di un artista- con tutte le opacità che spesso caratterizzano i sistemi di potere: le stesse che forse hanno impedito finora alla finanza di avvicinarsi più decisamente al mondo dell’arte (pensiamo soprattutto agli art funds) considerato -per l’appunto -opaco, volatile, con troppi conflitti di interessi poco gestibili. Ciò premesso si è tentato di immaginare l'impatto della tecnologia blockchain su questo sistema, anche e soprattutto dal punto di vista legale