Results of post-test psychological examinations of the crewmen from the 90-day manned test of an advanced regenerative life support system

The following material presents the results of two temporally remote administrations of an identical projective personality assessment device (Rorschach Inkblot) using crew members aboard the 90-day test. The first administration took place during preselection crew psychodiagnostic testing in the period extending from mid-December 1969 through mid-January 1970. Second administration took place in late May and early June, 1971, approximately one year after termination of the test. During the 90-day program duration, the subjects participated in the crew training program, were selected and served as onboard crew during the 90-day test. The testing was undertaken in order to determine the character and extent of change (if any) in basic personality dynamics accompanying or caused by participation in the 90-day test program. Results indicate that significant personality changes occurred in three of the four onboard crew members. A detailed discussion of the results is provided. Objective scores which served as the basis for the discussion are presented in the Appendix

SLC beam dynamics issues

The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC){sup 1,2} accelerates single bunches of electrons and positrons to 47 GeV per beam and collides them with small beam sizes and at high currents. The beam emittances and intensities required for present operation have significantly extended traditional beam quality limits. The electron source produces over 10{sup 11} e{sup {minus}} in each of two bunches. The damping rings provide coupled invariant emittances of 1.8 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} r-m at 4.5 {times} 10{sup 10} particles. The 50 GeV linac has successfully accelerated over 3 {times} 10{sup 10} particles with design invariant emittances of 3 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} r-m. The collider arcs are now sufficiently decoupled and matched in betatron space, so that the final focus can be chromatically corrected, routinely producing spot sizes ({sigma}{sub x}, {sigma}{sub y}) of 2.5 {mu}m at the interaction point. Spot sizes below 2 {mu}m have been made during tests. Instrumentation and feedback systems are well advanced, providing continuous beam monitoring and considerable pulse-by-pulse control. The luminosity reliability is about 60%. Overviews of the recent accelerator physics achievements used to obtain these parameters and the present limiting phenomena are described for each accelerator subsystem

Iris tilting and RF steering in the SLAC Linac

For some time now, the sources of RF transverse beam steering in the SLAC Linac have been a mystery. The previously known sources, coupler asymmetries and survey misalignment, have predicted deflections which are frequently much smaller than the observed deflections. A new source of RF steering has been discovered: the tilting of accelerator irises. Measurements of iris tilting in a forty foot accelerator girder are compared with measurements of RF beam deflections and are found to be strongly correlated. 4 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs

SLC beam dynamics issues

The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC){sup 1,2} accelerates single bunches of electrons and positrons to 47 GeV per beam and collides them with small beam sizes and at high currents. The beam emittances and intensities required for present operation have significantly extended traditional beam quality limits. The electron source produces over 10{sup 11} e{sup {minus}} in each of two bunches. The damping rings provide coupled invariant emittances of 1.8 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} r-m at 4.5 {times} 10{sup 10} particles. The 50 GeV linac has successfully accelerated over 3 {times} 10{sup 10} particles with design invariant emittances of 3 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} r-m. The collider arcs are now sufficiently decoupled and matched in betatron space, so that the final focus can be chromatically corrected, routinely producing spot sizes ({sigma}{sub x}, {sigma}{sub y}) of 2.5 {mu}m at the interaction point. Spot sizes below 2 {mu}m have been made during tests. Instrumentation and feedback systems are well advanced, providing continuous beam monitoring and considerable pulse-by-pulse control. The luminosity reliability is about 60%. Overviews of the recent accelerator physics achievements used to obtain these parameters and the present limiting phenomena are described for each accelerator subsystem

Observations of the beam-beam interaction

The observed complexity of the beam-beam interaction is the subject of this paper. The varied observations obtained from many storage rings happen to be sufficiently similar that a prescription can be formulated to describe the behavior of the luminosity as a function of beam current including the peak value. This prescription can be used to interpret various methods for improving the luminosity. Discussion of these improvement methods is accompanied with examples from actual practice. The consequences of reducing the vertical betatron function (one of the most used techniques) to near the value of the bunch length are reviewed. Finally, areas needing further experimental and calculational studies are pointed out as they are uncovered

Beam-beam interaction: luminosity, tails, and noise

Observations of the beam-beam interaction at SPEAR, CESR, PETRA and PEP are discussed. They are sufficiently similar that a simple prescription can be formulated to describe the behavior of the luminosity as a function of current including the peak values. With this prescription the interpretation of various methods of increasing the luminosity, such as the reduction of the vertical betatron function, the increase of the horizontal beam size, and mini- and micro- beta projects, is straight-forward. Predictions for future storage rings can also be made. Finally, some observations of the consequences of reducing the vertical betatron function to near the value of the bunch length are discussed

Beam dynamics issues in linear colliders

The primary goal of present and future linear colliders is to maximize the integrated luminosity for the experimental program. Beam dynamics plays a central role in the maximization of integrated luminosity. It is the major issue in the production of small beam sizes and low experimental backgrounds and is also an important factor in the production of particle numbers, in the acceleration process, and in the number of bunches. The beam dynamics effects on bunches which are extracted from the damping rings, accelerated in the linac, collimated, momentum analyzed, and finally delivered to the final focus are reviewed. The effects of bunch compression, transverse and longitudinal wakefields, BNS damping, energy definition, dispersion, emittance, bunch aspect ratio, feedback, and stability are all important. 11 refs., 1 tab

Mutual compensation of wakefield and chromatic effects of intense linac bunches

Mutual compensation of transverse and chromatic effects for intense electron bunches in a high-energy linac is a recent Novosibirsk idea which provides a new control of emittance enlargement. In this paper we elaborate on the principles and constraints for this new technique which requires careful matching of internal bunch parameters with external forces. With species values of the bunch length, bunch intensity, and klystron phasing, the transverse-wakefield-induced forces within the bunch can be cancelled by energy-dependent forces from the quadrupole lattice at all positions along the linac. Under these conditions the tolerances for quadrupole alignment, dipole stability, and injection launch errors are significantly relaxed. 7 refs., 8 figs

Effects and tolerances of injection jitter in the SLC and future linear colliders

The bunch injected into the main linac of a linear collider may have offsets in transverse angle and position, may have a phase error (longitudinal position offset) and, furthermore, may be optically mismatched. Each of these injection errors reduces the luminosity and must be held within tolerances. The effect of optical mismatches on the emittance at the end of the linac is calculated analytically. The tightest tolerances on magnetic elements stemming from these effects are listed. The phase tolerance is determined by the energy acceptance of the final focus system. It imposes tolerances to the integrated field strength of the damping ring and RTL bending magnets and the bunch compressor rf-phase. In this paper, measurements of injection jitter and the effect of betatron oscillations caused by changes of the angle or position of the incoming beam are described. These measurements were taken with BNS damping which relaxes certain tolerances by an order of magnitude. The injection jitter tolerances for a linac of the next generation are given. As an example, parameters for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) being designed at SLAC are used