Strong isolation by distance among local populations of an endangered butterfly species (Euphydryas aurinia)

The marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) is a critically endangered butterfly species in Denmark known to be particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation due to its poor dispersal capacity. We identified and genotyped 318 novel SNP loci across 273 individuals obtained from 10 small and fragmented populations in Denmark using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach to investigate its population genetic structure. Our results showed clear genetic substructuring and highly significant population differentiation based on genetic divergence (FST) among the 10 populations. The populations clustered in three overall clusters and due to further substructuring among these, it was possible to clearly distinguish six clusters in total. We found highly significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to heterozygote deficiency within every population investigated which indicates substructuring and/or inbreeding (due to mating among closely related individuals). The stringent filtering procedure that we have applied to our genotype quality could have overestimated the heterozygote deficiency and the degree of substructuring of our clusters but is allowing relative comparisons of the genetic parameters among clusters. Genetic divergence increased significantly with geographic distance, suggesting limited gene flow at spatial scales comparable to the dispersal distance of individual butterflies and strong isolation by distance. Altogether, our results clearly indicate that the marsh fritillary populations are genetically isolated. Further, our results highlight that the relevant spatial scale for conservation of rare, low mobile species may be smaller than previously anticipated

Figure 6 in A dynamic model for the evolution of sabrecat predatory bite mechanics

Figure 6. The relative force output at the upper canine [(I(Tf(cos Q))/Oca) where I, inlever moment arm; Tf, theoretical force output from the muscle fibre; Q, angle between the effective (rotational) torque about the temporomandibular joint and T; O, outlever moment arm to the centre of C1] at gape angles from occlusion to maximal inferred gape in: A, f ca temporalis fibre 1; B, temporalis fibre 3; C, temporalis fibre 5; D, temporalis fibre 7; E, temporalis fibre 8; F, temporalis fibre 10. Negative values imply that an adductor has shifted to becoming an abductor at this gape angle

Figure 2 in A dynamic model for the evolution of sabrecat predatory bite mechanics

Figure 2. The angle (Q) between the effective (rotational) torque about the temporomandibular joint (Te) and the theoretical force output from the muscle fibre (Tf) at gape angles from occlusion to maximal inferred gape in: A, temporalis fibre 1; B, temporalis fibre 3; C, temporalis fibre 5; D, temporalis fibre 7; E, temporalis fibre 8; F, temporalis fibre 10

Figure 1 in A dynamic model for the evolution of sabrecat predatory bite mechanics

Figure 1. The ability of the mandibular adductors to generate torque about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was estimated at ten regularly spaced intervals of the M. temporalis (T1–T10); at five regularly spaced intervals of the M. masseter profunda + M. zygomaticomandibularis (M1–M5); and the anterior-most insertion of the M. masseter superficialis. A, lion (Panthera leo; CN3503; ♂), with mandible at occlusion and at estimated maximal gape, illustrating torque about the TMJ at T1 (green vectors); B, Smilodon fatalis [LACMHC2001-173 (cranium) and LACMHC2001-4543 (mandible)] with mandible at occlusion and at estimated maximal gape, illustrating torque about the TMJ at M2 (blue vectors), and at SM (red vectors). Abbreviations: Im, inlever moment arm for masseter muscle fibre torque about the TMJ; I, inlever moment arm for temporalis muscle fibre torque about the TMJ; O, outlever moment arm to the carnassial (P4) t c paracone apex; O, outlever moment arm to the centre of C1; T, effective (rotational) torque about the TMJ; T, theoretical ca e f force output from the muscle fibre; Q, angle between Te and Tf. Scale bars = 10 cm

Figure 3 in A dynamic model for the evolution of sabrecat predatory bite mechanics

Figure 3. The angle (Q) between the effective (rotational) torque about the temporomandibular joint (Te) and the theoretical force output from the muscle fibre (Tf) at gape angles from occlusion to maximal inferred gape in: A, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 1; B, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 2; C, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 3; D, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 4; E, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 5; F, superficial masseter

Figure 5 in A dynamic model for the evolution of sabrecat predatory bite mechanics

Figure 5. The relative ability of individual muscle fibres to generate rotational torque about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) [effective (rotational) torque about the TMJ divided by the theoretical force output from the muscle fibre (Te/Tf)] at gape angles from occlusion to maximal inferred gape in: A, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 1; B, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 2; C, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 3; D, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 4; E, deep masseter + zygomaticomandibularis fibre 5; F, superficial masseter

Nocturnal plant respiration is under strong non-temperature control

Data set contains 1- Annual output (2000-2018) of simulated plant respiration and net primary productivity from JULES with standard (Q10=2) and temperature dependent Q10 (TDQ10) with and without consideration of nocturnal non temperature control of respiration. 2-Python code and data sets to produce figure 1 and extended figures 1-4

Integrated genome-wide investigations of the housefly, a global vector of diseases reveal unique dispersal patterns and bacterial communities across farms

Background:Houseflies (Musca domesticaL.) live in intimate association with numerous microorganisms and is a vector of human pathogens. In temperate areas, houseflies willoverwinter in environments constructed by humans and recolonize surrounding areas in early summer. However, the dispersal patterns and associated bacteria across season and location are unclear.We used genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) for the simultaneous identification and genotyping of thousands of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to establish dispersal patterns of houseflies across farms. Secondly, we used16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to establish the variation and association between bacterial communities and the housefly across farms. Results: Using GBS we identified 18,000 SNPs across 400 individualssampled within and between 11 dairy farms in Denmark. There was evidence for sub-structuring of Danish housefly populations and with genetic structure that differed across season and sex. Further, there was a strong isolation by distance (IBD) effect, but with large variation suggesting that other hidden geographic barriers are important. Large individual variations were observed in the community structure of the microbiome and it was found to be dependent on location, sex, and collection time. Furthermore, the relative prevalence of putative pathogens was highly dependent on location and collection time. Conclusion:We were able to identify SNPs for the determination of the spatiotemporal housefly genetic structure, and to establish the variation and association between bacterial communities and the housefly across farms using novel next‐generation sequencing (NGS)techniques. These results are important for disease prevention given the fine-scale population structure and IBD for the housefly, and that individual houseflies carry location specific bacteria including putative pathogens

Data from: Species distribution models of the Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, Diptera: Drosophilidae) in its native and invasive range reveal an ecological niche shift

The Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is native to Southeast Asia. Since its first detection in 2008 in Europe and North America, it has been a pest to the fruit production industry as it feeds and oviposits on ripening fruit. Here we aim to model the potential geographical distribution of D. suzukii. We performed an extensive literature review to map the current records. In total, 517 documented occurrences (96 native and 421 invasive) were identified spanning 52 countries. Next, we constructed three species distribution models (SDMs) based on occurrence records in: 1) the native range (SDMnative), 2) the invasive range in Europe (SDMEurope) and 3) a global model of all records (SDMglobal). The models aimed to investigate, whether this species will be able to occupy additional ecological niches beyond its native range and expand its current geographic distribution both globally and in Europe. The SDMs were generated using Maximum Entropy algorithms (Maxent) based on present occurrence records and bioclimatic variables (WorldClim). Predictions of habitat suitability vary greatly depending on the origins of occurrence records. According to all models, precipitation and low temperatures were key limiting factors for the distribution of D. suzukii, which suggests that this species requires a humid environment with mild winters in order to establish a permanent population in its invasive range. Several regions in the invasive range, not presently occupied by this species, were predicted highly suitable, especially in northern Europe, suggesting that D. suzukii is not occupying its full fundamental niche yet. Synthesis and applications. Based on these models of potential geographic distribution of the Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii), we show a shift in the ecological niche in D. suzukii populations, emphasizing the importance of using presence and local environmental data. Further investigation regarding new occurrences is recommended to secure optimal pest management. Despite a continuing expansion, many countries still lack proper surveillance schemes, and we urge policymakers to initiate appropriate management programs

Data from: Inbreeding depression across a nutritional stress continuum

Many natural populations experience inbreeding and genetic drift as a consequence of nonrandom mating or low population size. Furthermore, they face environmental challenges that may interact synergistically with deleterious consequences of increased homozygosity and further decrease fitness. Most studies on inbreeding–environment (I-E) interactions use one or two stress levels, whereby the resolution of the possible stress and inbreeding depression interaction is low. Here we produced Drosophila melanogaster replicate populations, maintained at three different population sizes (10, 50 and a control size of 500) for 25 generations. A nutritional stress gradient was imposed on the replicate populations by exposing them to 11 different concentrations of yeast in the developmental medium. We assessed the consequences of nutritional stress by scoring egg-to-adult viability and body mass of emerged flies. We found: (1) unequivocal evidence for I-E interactions in egg-to-adult viability and to a lesser extent in dry body mass, with inbreeding depression being more severe under higher levels of nutritional stress; (2) a steeper increase in inbreeding depression for replicate populations of size 10 with increasing nutritional stress than for replicate populations of size 50; (3) a nonlinear norm of reaction between inbreeding depression and nutritional stress; and (4) a faster increase in number of lethal equivalents in replicate populations of size 10 compared with replicate populations of size 50 with increasing nutritional stress levels. Our data provide novel and strong evidence that deleterious fitness consequences of I-E interactions are more pronounced at higher nutritional stress and at higher inbreeding levels