202 research outputs found

    Label-free optical detection of single enzyme-reactant reactions and associated conformational changes

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    Monitoring the kinetics and conformational dynamics of single enzymes is crucial in order to better understand their biological functions as these motions and structural dynamics are usually unsynchronized among the molecules. Detecting the enzyme-reactant interactions and associated conformational changes of the enzyme on a single molecule basis, however, remain as a challenge with established optical techniques due to the commonly required labeling of the reactants or the enzyme itself. The labeling process is usually non-trivial and the labels themselves might skew the physical properties of the enzyme. Here we demonstrate an optical, label-free method capable of observing enzymatic interactions and the associated conformational changes on the single molecule level. We monitor polymerase/DNA interactions via the strong near-field enhancement provided by plasmonic nanorods resonantly coupled to whispering gallery modes in microcavities. Specifically, we employ two different recognition schemes: one in which the kinetics of polymerase/DNA interactions are probed in the vicinity of DNA-functionalized nanorods, and the other in which these interactions are probed via the magnitude of conformational changes in the polymerase molecules immobilized on nanorods. In both approaches we find that low and high polymerase activities can be clearly discerned via their characteristic signal amplitude and signal length distributions. Furthermore, the thermodynamic study of the monitored interactions suggests the occurrence of DNA polymerization. This work constitutes a proof-of-concept study of enzymatic activities via plasmonically enhanced microcavities and establishes an alternative and label-free method capable of investigating structural changes in single molecules

    Revisiting hadron production at SIS energies using new HADES data

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    Production of charged pions in the Au+Au at 1.23 AGeV reaction

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    Netzwerke des Buchhandels. Buchexport aus der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses (Halle/S.) in die protestantische Diaspora in Russland

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    During the 18th century the number of foreigners from western Europe living in Russia was growing steadily. As a consequence, the demand for foreign language books in Russa rose dramatically. Thus, it became necessary to import the books from abroad, mainly from the Netherlands and from Germany. The Russian system of book trade was not capable of meeting these needs on its own. The attached thesis can explain through which paths the books were brought to Russia and how they were distributed there. The trade relations of the orphanage’s bookstore with the Protestant pastors in Russia was one such method of distribution. The orphanage in Halle – later called Franckesche Stiftungen – was founded by the pastor August Herrmann Francke, a Pietist, in 1698 and soon developed to a pan-European missionary and commercial institution with its own enterprises. The most lucrative of them were a drugstore and a bookshop with an editorial house. The commercial contacts with Russia were first built up at the beginning of the 18th century by the pietist community around Francke who sent their young pastors to the Protestant congregations throughout Russia. These candidates acted as agents for a wholestate trade. Apparently, the book trade was performed within these personal relations that can be compared with a networking system. The pastors in Russia as well as the bookstore in Halle can be taken as the centers of the superior network between Halle and Russia. A large number of smaller networks, representing the communities around them, were also connected to it. A central part of the research involved in this investigation included an examination of business letters of Protestant pastors who were living in congregations of Saint-Petersburgh and other seaports in the Baltic provinces during this time. Although most of the letters were formerly part of the archives of the Stiftungen, most are currently property of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Further pieces were also taken from the main archive of the foundation in Halle. On the whole, the letters date from approximately 1730 to 1780. The first part of the thesis concentrates on the network itself. First of all, the development of the orphanage to a European business is detailed, followed by the description of the pietist network in the Protestant diaspora of Russia. It can be pointed out that after 1730 far more pastors working as agents of trade were living in congregations in Saint-Petersburgh and the Baltic provinces, while Moscow and other places, which had previously been of major importance, became far less influential. At the same time, their number on the whole was shrinking combined with the declining significance of the pietistic movement in Europe. In a second step, it is pointed out that the relations of the pastors with the bookstore in Halle were based not only on the pietistic tradition, but moreover were motivated by some other reasons. For example, the importance of the orphanage’s bookstore as a famous institution and its Europe-wide business shouldn’t be underestimated. Its reputation can be explained both by the wide variety of books in their assortment and the reputation of the editorial house with a universal choice of pietist, religious, scientific and educational titles. The bookshop was primarily an institution of publishing and bookselling. It can also be compared to the contemporary outstanding booksellers and publishers in Leipzig, center of the European wholesale book-trade. Furthermore, the letters make it clear that the bookshop in Halle cooperated with other enterprises in Halle, most of all with bookbinders, printers, booksellers and publishers. From another point of view, the export of books from Halle to Russia was a direct result of market conditions in Russia. First of all, the Protestant congregations there were short of religious, edifying literature in their native language, such as bibles and songbooks, which were necessary for the practice of their religion. The Pietists in Halle realized the desideratum and sent pietist literature to them. Moreover, in Halle such religious literature was also printed in Russian. These works were supposed to be the fundament of pietistic proselytisation in Russia, but the books could never be delivered openly due to the refusal of the Russian Orthodox church and the intervention of the tsars. A further economic motivation of the book trade was the absence of secular literature in foreign languages, mainly in the newcomer colonies of Saint-Petersburgh, which saw an increase in the demand of such books as a result of the European Enlightenment. They needed books for their schools and for their own subsistance. However, only after 1725 was it possible to print books with Latin typeface in Russia. Publishing them remained in the hands of the state, however, and was prohibited to private persons until 1783. All the official publishing and bookselling institutions apparently didn’t meet the demand and, consequently, a great deal of foreign merchants and even individuals imported and sold books. The second principal part of the thesis focuses on the general conditions of the book trade between Halle and Russia, about which the letters give evidence. While hints of censorship seldom occur in the letters, it constitutes a central theme for the book trade as a whole. This censorship is analyzed in two steps: one concerns the restrictions of Russian language religious literature, which ruled out the distribution of the Russian language books printed in Halle; the other focuses on the obstacles for the foreign book trade in Russia. The latter cannot be analysed thoroughly due to the subtleness of the indications found in the correspondence. Concerning foreign language books, the pastors obviously were faced with few obstacles. The next chapter deals with marketing and trading terms. First of all, the pastors in the networking system effectively acted as book merchants. They obtained books on firm order account, meaning on cash terms only. In part, they purchased them on behalf of a third party or ordered several books in greater quantities, possibly to store them and sell them by degrees. In addition to that, the pastors of the coastal communities near the Baltic sea represented acquaintances in Moscow, even going so far as to order cases of books for other pastors and forwarding them to the heartland. The exports from Halle to Russia were complicated by elementary impediments that were characteristic for Eastern Europe. With respect to the booktrade, the distance to Leipzig, the center of European book sale at that time, caused a series of difficulties. Due to the poorly developed infrastructure away from the main trade routes, as well as adverse climatic conditions, transit was costly. For customers in Russia this resulted in high prices and extensive delivery times. The pastors’ business letters show some strategies of how they tried to minimize risks, as they bore full financial responsibility with regard to the bookstore in Halle. To sum up, the network of pietistic book traders supported the foreign colonies in Russia with Western ideas, which had a great impact on Russia’s cultural and sociopolitical development.WĂ€hrend des 18. Jahrhunderts stieg die Zahl der AuslĂ€nder aus Westeuropa, die in Russland leben, stetig an. Als Folge stieg die Nachfrage nach fremdsprachigen BĂŒchern in Russland dramatisch an. So wurde es notwendig die BĂŒcher aus dem Ausland zu importieren, hauptsĂ€chlich aus den Niederlanden und aus Deutschland. Das russische Buchhandelssystem war alleine nicht in der Lage diesen Bedarf abzudecken. Die folgende Arbeit kann erklĂ€ren ĂŒber welche Wege die BĂŒcher nach Russland gebracht wurden und wie sie dort weitervertrieben wurden. Die Handelsbeziehungen der Waisenhausbuchhandlung mit den protestantischen Pastoren in Russland waren eine solche Vertriebsmethode. Das Waisenhaus in Halle – spĂ€ter Franckesche Stiftungen genannt – war 1698 von dem Pastor August Hermann Francke, einem Pietisten, gegrĂŒndet worden und entwickelte sich bald in eine pan-europĂ€ische missionarische und kommerzielle Institution mit eigenen Unternehmungen. Die lukrativste von diesen waren eine Drogerie und eine Buchhandlung mit einem Verlagshaus. Die Handelsbeziehungen mit Russland wurden erstmals zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts von der pietistischen Gemeinde um Francke aufgebaut, welche ihre jungen Pastoren zu den protestantischen Gemeinden in ganz Russland schickte. Diese Kandidaten handelten als Vertreter fĂŒr ganzstaatlichen Handel. Anscheinend wurde Buchhandel innerhalb dieser persönlichen Beziehungen, die mit einem Vernetzungssystem verglichen werden können, betrieben. Diese Pastoren in Russland sowie die Buchhandlung in Halle können als Zentren des ĂŒberragenden Netzwerks zwischen Halle und Russland gesehen werden. Eine große Anzahl kleinerer Netzwerke, welche die umliegenden Gemeinden vertraten, waren also mit ihm verbunden. Ein zentraler Teil der Forschung die in diese Untersuchung eingebunden war beinhaltet eine Analyse von GeschĂ€ftsbriefen protestantischer Pfarrer welche in den Gemeinden Sankt Petersburgs und anderer SeehĂ€fen der baltischen Provinzen in dieser Zeit lebten. Obwohl die meisten dieser Briefe frĂŒher Teil der Archive der Stiftungen waren, befinden die meisten im Besitz der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Weitere Teile wurden auch dem Hauptarchiv der Stiftung in Halle entnommen. Insgesamt werden die Briefe auf die Zeit von 1730 bis 1780 datiert. Der erste Teil der Arbeit konzentriert sich auf das Netzwerk selbst. Zuerst wird die Entwicklung des Waisenhauses zu einem europĂ€ischen Unternehmen beschrieben, gefolgt von der Beschreibung des pietistischen Netzwerks in der protestantischen Diaspora Russlands. Es kann gesagt werden dass ab 1730 sehr viel mehr Pastoren die als Handelsvertreter arbeiteten in Gemeinden in Sankt Petersburg und den baltischen Provinzen lebten, wĂ€hrend Moskau und andere Orte, die frĂŒher von großer Wichtigkeit gewesen waren weniger einflussreich wurden. Gleichzeitig schrumpfte ihre Gesamtanzahl kombiniert mit der sinkenden Wichtigkeit der pietistischen Bewegung in Europa. In einem zweiten Schritt wird aufgezeigt dass die Beziehungen der Pastoren mit der Buchhandlung in Halle nicht nur auf pietistischer Tradition basierten, sondern zudem durch andere GrĂŒnde motiviert waren. Beispielsweise sollte die Bedeutung der Waisenhausbuchhandlung als eine bekannte Institution und sein europaweites GeschĂ€ft nicht unterschĂ€tzt werden. Ihr Ruf kann sowohl durch die Vielfalt an BĂŒchern in ihrem Sortiment als auch durch die Reputation des Verlagshauses mit einer umfassenden Auswahl pietistischer, religiöser, wissenschaftlicher und bildender Literatur erklĂ€rt werden. Die Buchhandlung war hauptsĂ€chlich eine verlegende und vertreibende Institution. Sie kann auch mit den zeitgenössischen herausragenden BuchhĂ€ndlern und Verlegern in Leipzig, dem Zentrum des EuropĂ€ischen Buchgroßhandels, verglichen werden. Zudem zeigen die Briefe eindeutig dass die Buchhandlung in Halle mit anderen Unternehmen dort zusammenarbeitete, vor allem mit Buchbindern, Druckern, BuchhĂ€ndlern und Verlegern. Von einem anderen Standpunkt aus gesehen war der Export von BĂŒchern von Halle nach Russland eine direkte Folge der Marktbedingungen in Russland. In erster Linie hatten die protestantischen Gemeinden wenig religiöse aufbauende Literatur in ihrer Muttersprache, wie Bibeln und GesangbĂŒcher welche nötig fĂŒr die AusĂŒbung ihrer Religion waren. Die Pietisten in Halle erkannten das Desideratum und sandten pietistische Literatur zu ihnen. Zudem wurde in Halle solche religiöse Literatur auch in Russisch gedruckt. Diese Werke sollten das Fundament der pietistischen Missionierung in Russland bilden, aber die BĂŒcher konnten nie öffentlich geliefert werden aufgrund der Ablehnung der russisch-orthodoxen Kirche und der Eingriffe der Zaren. Eine weitere wirtschaftliche Motivation des Buchhandels war der Mangel an fremdsprachiger sĂ€kularer Literatur, vor allem in den Kolonien der Neuankömmlinge in Sankt Petersburg, welche eine grĂ¶ĂŸere Nachfrage nach solchen BĂŒchern hatten aufgrund der EuropĂ€ischen AufklĂ€rung. Sie brauchten BĂŒcher fĂŒr ihre Schulen und ihre eigene Existenz. Allerdings war es nach 1725 möglich BĂŒcher mit lateinischen Schrifttypen in Russland zu drucken. Sie herauszugeben lag aber immer noch in der Hand des Staats und war Privatpersonen bis 1738 verboten. Alle offiziellen verlegenden und buchvertreibenden Institutionen schienen der Nachfrage nicht nachzukommen und folglich importierten und verkauften eine große Zahl von auslĂ€ndischen HĂ€ndlern und sogar Einzelpersonen BĂŒcher. Der zweite Hauptteil der Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die allgemeinen ZustĂ€nde des Buchhandels zwischen Halle und Russland, worĂŒber die Briefe Aufschluss geben. WĂ€hrend Andeutungen von Zensur selten in den Briefen auftreten, stellt sie ein zentrales Thema fĂŒr den Buchhandel als Ganzes da. Diese Zensur wird in zwei Schritten analysiert: der eine beschĂ€ftigt sich mit den EinschrĂ€nkungen der religiösen Literatur in russischer Sprache, welche den Vertrieb von den BĂŒchern in russischer Sprache, welche in Halle gedruckt wurden, ausschloss; der andere konzentriert sich auf die Hindernisse fĂŒr den auslĂ€ndischen Buchhandel in Russland. Letzterer kann aufgrund der Feinheit der Hinweise in den Korrespondenzen nicht vollstĂ€ndig untersucht werden. Hinsichtlich fremdsprachiger BĂŒcher sahen die Pastoren sich offensichtlich mit einigen Hindernissen konfrontiert. Das nĂ€chste Kapitel beschĂ€ftigt sich mir Vermarktungs- und Handelsbedingungen. ZunĂ€chst handelten die Pastoren im Netzwerk im Grunde als BuchhĂ€ndler. Sie erhielten BĂŒcher nur als Festbestellung auf Rechnung, d.h. nur gegen Bargeld. Zum Teil kauften sie sie im Auftrag von Dritten oder bestellten mehrere BĂŒcher in grĂ¶ĂŸeren Mengen, möglicherweise um sie zu lagern und sie nach und nach zu verkaufen. ZusĂ€tzlich dazu reprĂ€sentierten die Pastoren der KĂŒstengemeinden nahe des Baltischen Meeres die Bekannten in Moskau, und gingen sogar so weit BĂŒcherkisten fĂŒr andere Pastoren zu bestellen und sie ins Binnenland weiterzuschicken. Die Exporte von Halle nach Russland wurden von grundlegenden EinschrĂ€nkungen, die charakteristisch fĂŒr Osteuropa waren, verkompliziert. Mit Respekt fĂŒr den Buchhandel verursachte die Distanz zu Leipzig, dem damaligen Zentrum des europĂ€ischen Buchhandels, eine Reihe von Schwierigkeiten. Aufgrund der unterentwickelten Infrastruktur außerhalb der Haupthandelsrouten, sowie den widrigen Klimabedingungen, war der Durchgangsverkehr teuer. FĂŒr Kunden in Russland fĂŒhrte das zu hohen Preisen und langen Lieferzeiten. Die GeschĂ€ftsbriefe der Pastoren zeigen einige Strategien wie sie versuchten Risiken zu minimieren, da sie die volle finanzielle Verantwortung hinsichtlich der Buchhandlung in Halle trugen. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen dass das Netzwerk der pietistischen BuchhĂ€ndler die auslĂ€ndischen Kolonien in Russland mit westlichen Ideen unterstĂŒtzten, was einen großen Einfluss auf Russlands kulturelle und soziopolitische Entwicklung hatte

    Production of p, d and t in Ar+KCl at 1.76 AGeV

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    Causality-based Transfer of Driving Scenarios to Unseen Intersections

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    Scenario-based testing of automated driving functions has become a promising method to reduce time and cost compared to real-world testing. In scenario-based testing automated functions are evaluated in a set of pre-defined scenarios. These scenarios provide information about vehicle behaviors, environmental conditions, or road characteristics using parameters. To create realistic scenarios, parameters and parameter dependencies have to be fitted utilizing real-world data. However, due to the large variety of intersections and movement constellations found in reality, data may not be available for certain scenarios. This paper proposes a methodology to systematically analyze relations between parameters of scenarios. Bayesian networks are utilized to analyze causal dependencies in order to decrease the amount of required data and to transfer causal patterns creating unseen scenarios. Thereby, infrastructural influences on movement patterns are investigated to generate realistic scenarios on unobserved intersections. For evaluation, scenarios and underlying parameters are extracted from the inD dataset. Movement patterns are estimated, transferred and checked against recorded data from those initially unseen intersections.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, Accepted to be published as part of the 35th IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, June 2 - 5, 2024, Kore

    Acquire Driving Scenarios Efficiently: A Framework for Prospective Assessment of Cost-Optimal Scenario Acquisition

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    Scenario-based testing is becoming increasingly important in safety assurance for automated driving. However, comprehensive and sufficiently complete coverage of the scenario space requires significant effort and resources if using only real-world data. To address this issue, driving scenario generation methods are developed and used more frequently, but the benefit of substituting generated data for real-world data has not yet been quantified. Additionally, the coverage of a set of concrete scenarios within a given logical scenario space has not been predicted yet. This paper proposes a methodology to quantify the cost-optimal usage of scenario generation approaches to reach a certainly complete scenario space coverage under given quality constraints and parametrization. Therefore, individual process steps for scenario generation and usage are investigated and evaluated using a meta model for the abstraction of knowledge-based and data-driven methods. Furthermore, a methodology is proposed to fit the meta model including the prediction of reachable complete coverage, quality criteria, and costs. Finally, the paper exemplary examines the suitability of a hybrid generation model under technical, economical, and quality constraints in comparison to different real-world scenario mining methods.Comment: Accepted to be published as part of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2023, Bilbao, Spain, September 24-28, 202

    First Complete Sequence of a Giant Linear Plasmid from a Micrococcus Strain Isolated from an Extremely High-Altitude Lake

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    Micrococcus sp. V7, an actinobacterial strain adapted to the extreme conditions of the Laguna Vilama, an extremely high-altitude (4,600mabove sea level) lake in the Argentinian Puna, was found to carry the giant linear plasmid pLMV7. We determined its sequence (92,815 bp) as a prerequisite to the investigation of its role for survival in such a harsh environment.Fil: Dib, Julian Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - TucumĂĄn. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales MicrobiolĂłgicos; ArgentinaFil: Schuldes, Jörg. Georg August UniversitĂ€t Göttingen; AndorraFil: ThĂŒrner, Andrea. Georg August UniversitĂ€t Göttingen; AndorraFil: Farias, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - TucumĂĄn. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales MicrobiolĂłgicos; ArgentinaFil: Daniel, Rolf. Georg August UniversitĂ€t Göttingen; AndorraFil: Meinhardt, Friedhelm. No especifĂ­ca

    Complete Genome Sequence of pAP13, a Large Linear Plasmid of a Brevibacterium Strain Isolated from a Saline Lake at 4,200 Meters above Sea Level in Argentina

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    pAP13 is an 89 kb-linear plasmid hosted by Brevibacterium sp. Ap13, an actinobacterium isolated from the feces of a flamingo from an extremely high-altitude lake in Argentina. Because of the ecological importance of the genus Brevibacterium, the absolute lack of information concerning Brevibacterium linear plasmids, as well as the as the possible ecological significance of this unusual plasmid, pAP13 was completely sequenced, including the inversely oriented termini.Fil: Dib, Julian Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - TucumĂĄn. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales MicrobiolĂłgicos; ArgentinaFil: Schuldes, Jörg. Georg August UniversitĂ€t; AlemaniaFil: ThĂŒrner, Andrea. Georg August UniversitĂ€t; AlemaniaFil: Farias, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - TucumĂĄn. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales MicrobiolĂłgicos; ArgentinaFil: Daniel, Rolf. Georg August UniversitĂ€t; AlemaniaFil: Meinhardt, Friedhelm. No especifĂ­ca

    Full-genome sequence of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas protegens CHA0.

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    We report the complete genome sequence of the free-living bacterium Pseudomonas protegens (formerly Pseudomonas fluorescens) CHA0, a model organism used in plant-microbe interactions, biological control of phytopathogens, and bacterial genetics
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