Texture measurement on gutted cod during storage in ice using a hand-held instrument

Fish muscle as food is to be seen as highly perishable. In unfrozen fish, freshness is considered the most important quality attribute. It is well known that there are several biochemical changes that can affect dramatically the texture of fish muscle. Immediately after death the fish texture is soft and elastic. In connection with rigor mortis the fish texture changes markedly. It becomes harder during rigor and after its resolution it becomes softer. This softness increases due to proteolysis during further storage at refrigerated conditions. Texture is a very important indicator for evaluating the quality of fish. Barroso et al. (1997) have recently reviewed mechanical methods in use for texture measurements on fresh fish. Further reviews on texture measurement performed on fish muscle were recently published underlining the importance of texture as quality attribute (Hyldig et al 2001, Coppes et al. 2002). The position along the fish can influence the results and was investigated by several authors (Sigurgis-ladottir et. al. 1999). Different methods have been compared for their ability to differentiate between recently killed salmon and salmon stored on ice for up to 24 days (Veland et al. 1999)

The Impact of Health Literacy on Effective Breastfeeding Education

Many studies have shown that any amount of breastfeeding decreases a child\u27s risk of otitis media, gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes . Breastfeeding for one month or more decreases the risk of SIDS; two months or more decreases the risk of celiac disease; and breastfeeding for more than three months decreases the risk of type 1 diabetes, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. The benefits continue to grow if a child is breastfed more than six months (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012) . Even though the benefits of breastfeeding are well documented, low-income women are still less likely to breastfeed (McDowell, Wang, & Kennedy-Stephenson, 2008). Only 57% of infants born to low-income families were ever breastfed, compared to 74% of infants born to higher income families (McDowell et al., 2008) . The increased rate of lower health literacy among low-income adults supports the correlation that low-income women who are accessing breastfeeding education materials may have lower health literacy. If low-income women are not able to understand the educational materials they are given this could affect the rates of breastfeeding. The National Assessment of Adult Literacy results show that among adults who receive Medicaid (health insurance for low-income adults), 30% had below basic health literacy, compared to only 7% of adults who received employer-provided insurance (Kutner, Greenberg, Jin, & Paulsen, 2006) . Taking into consideration the higher rate oflow health literacy among low-income individuals, the current breastfeeding education materials at the Dean Clinic Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) department will be assessed. New materials will bedeveloped to meet the needs of all patients, including those with low health literacy

Anwendungsmöglichkeiten instrumenteller Texturanalyse zur Charakterisierung industriell hergestellter Farcen

Commercially processed and for industrial purpose destined minces of several fish species were characterised with regard to their texture using texture profile analysis (TPA) of boiled specimen and by measuring the penetration force on raw minces as well as with regard to their colour by instrumental measurements of CIELab values. Concerning the parameters investigated the minces were in most cases significantly different. It was evident that the fish species is responsible for the functional properties of these intermediate products. For the TPA the influence of the measurement conditions was demonstrated and an appropriate method derived. IEF of proteins was used to verify the declared fish species. Unfortunately, this was not possible in all cases due to the lack of comparable pattern. Both the DMA and FA content were found to be in the normal range except those for saithe