191 research outputs found
The first measurement of the deflection of the vertical in longitude -- The figure of the earth in the early 19th century
During the summer of 1837 Christian Ludwig Gerling, a former student of Carl
Friedrich Gau{\ss}'s, organized the world wide first determination of the
deflection of the vertical in longitude. From a mobile observatory at the
Frauenberg near Marburg (Hesse) he measured the astronomical longitude
difference between C.F. Gau{\ss}'s observatory at G\"ottingen and F.G.B.
Nicolai's observatory at Mannheim within an error of 0.4". To achieve this
precision he first used a series of light signals for synchronizing the
observatory clocks and, second, he very carefully corrected for the varying
reaction time of the observers. By comparing these astronomical results with
the geodetic--determined longitude differences he had recently measured for the
triangulation of Kurhessen, he was able to extract a combined value of the
deflection of the vertical in longitude of G\"ottingen and Mannheim. His
results closely agree with modern vertical deflection data.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 2 table
An international campaign of the 19th century to determine the solar parallax - The US Naval expedition to the southern hemisphere 1849 - 1852
In 1847 Christian Ludwig Gerling, Marburg (Germany), suggested the solar
parallax to be determined by measuring the position of Venus close to its
inferior conjunction, especially at the stationary points, from observatories
on nearly the same meridian but widely differing in latitude. James M.
Gilliss,astronomer at the newly founded U.S. Naval Observatory,
enthusiastically adopted this idea and procured a grant for the young
astronomical community of the United States for an expedition to Chile. There
they were to observe several conjunctions of Venus and oppositions of Mars,
while the accompanying measurements were to be taken at the US Naval
Observatory in Washington D.C. and the Harvard College Observatory at
Cambridge, USA. This expedition was supported by A. v. Humboldt, C.F. Gau{\ss},
J.F. Encke, S.C. Walker, A.D. Bache, B. Peirce and others. From 1849 to 1852
not only were astronomical, but also meteorological and magnetic observations
and measurements recorded, mainly in Santa Lucia close to Santiago, Chile. By
comparing these measurements with those taken simultaneously at other
observatories around the world the solar parallax could be calculated, although
incomplete data from the corresponding northern observatories threatened the
project's success. In retrospect this expedition can be recognized as the
foundation of the Chilean astronomy. The first director of the new National
Astronomical Observatory of Chile was Dr. C.W. Moesta, a Hessian student of
Christian Ludwig Gerling's. The exchange of data between German, American and
other astronomers during this expedition was well mediated by J.G. Fl\"ugel,
consul of the United States of America and representative of the Smithsonian
Institution in Europe, who altogether played a major role in nurturing the
relationship between the growing scientific community in the U.S. and the well
established one in Europe at that time.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure
International Stock Return Predictability Under Model Uncertainty
This paper examines return predictability when the investor is uncertain about the right state variables. A novel feature of the model averaging approach used in this paper is to account for finite-sample bias of the coefficients in the predictive regressions. Drawing on an extensive international dataset, we find that interest-rate related variables are usually among the most prominent predictive variables, whereas valuation ratios perform rather poorly. Yet, predictability of market excess returns weakens substantially, once model uncertainty is accounted for. We document notable differences in the degree of in-sample and out-of-sample predictability across different stock markets. Overall, these findings suggests that return predictability is not a uniform and a universal feature across international capital markets. --Stock Return Predictability,Bayesian Model Averaging,Model Uncertainty,International Stock Markets
Expected Inflation, Expected Stock Returns, and Money Illusion: What can we learn from Survey Expectations?
We show empirically that survey-based measures of expected inflation are significant and strong predictors of future aggregate stock returns in several industrialized countries both in-sample and out-of-sample. By empirically discriminating between competing sources of this return predictability by virtue of a comprehensive set of expectations data, we find that money illusion seems to be the driving force behind our results. Another popular hypothesis - inflation as a proxy for aggregate risk aversion - is not supported by the data.Inflation expectations, Money Illusion, Proxy hypothesis, Stock returns
International Stock Return Predictability under Model Uncertainty
This paper examines return predictability when the investor is uncertain about the right state variables. A novel feature of the model averaging approach used in this paper is to account for finite-sample bias of the coeffcients in the predictive regressions. Drawing on an extensive international dataset, we find that interest-rate related variables are usually among the most prominent predictive variables, whereas valuation ratios perform rather poorly. Yet, predictability of market excess returns weakens substantially, once model uncertainty is accounted for. We document notable differences in the degree of in-sample and out-of-sample predictability across diferent stock markets. Overall, these findings suggests that return predictability is not a uniform and a universal feature across international capital markets
Asset Pricing with a Reference Level of Consumption: New Evidence from the Cross-Section of Stock Returns
This paper presents an empirical evaluation of recently proposed asset pricing models which extend the standard preference specification by a reference level of consumption. We motivate an alternative model that accounts for the return on human capital as a determinant of the reference level. Our analysis is based on a broad cross-section of test assets which provides a level playing field for a comparison to established benchmark models. The human capital extended reference level model does a good job in explaining size and value premia. Estimated on Fama and French's size and book-to-market sorted portfolios it outperforms Lettau and Ludvigson's scaled CCAPM and delivers average pricing errors comparable to the Fama-French three-factor model. --Consumption-Based Asset Pricing,Cross-Section of Stock Returns,Reference Level
Consumption-Based Asset Pricing with a Reference Level: New Evidence from the Cross-Section of Stock Returns
This paper presents an empirical evaluation of recently proposed asset pricing models which extend the standard preference specification by a reference level of consumption. The novelty is that we use a broad cross-section of test assets, which provides a level playing field for a comparison to well-established benchmark models. We also motivate a specification that accounts for the return on human capital as a determinant of the reference level. We find that this extension does a good job in explaining the cross-sectional variation in average returns across the 25 Fama- French portfolios with pricing errors close to those of Lettau/Ludvigson's celebrated scaled factor models. --Consumption-based Asset Pricing,Cross-Section of Stock Returns,Reference Level
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