The Microcirculation Is Unchanged in Neonates with Severe Respiratory Failure after the Initiation of ECMO Treatment

Purpose. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is known to improve cardiorespiratory function and outcome in neonates with severe respiratory failure. We tested the hypothesis that VA-ECMO therapy improves the microcirculation in neonates with severe respiratory failure. Methods. This single-center prospective observational pilot study took place in an intensive care unit of a level III university children's hospital. Twenty-one-term neonates, who received VA-ECMO treatment, were included. The microcirculation was assessed in the buccal mucosa, using Orthogonal Polarization Spectral imaging, within 24 hours before (T1) and within the first 24 hours after initiation of ECMO treatment (T2). Data were compared to data of a ventilated control group (N = 7). Results. At baseline (T1), median functional capillary density (FCD), microvascular flow index (MFI), and heterogeneity index (HI) did not differ between the ECMO group and the control group. At T2 the median FCD was lower in the control group (median [range]: 2.4 [1.4–4.2] versus 4.3 [2.8–7.4] cm/cm2; P value <0.001). For MFI and HI there were no differences at T2 between the two groups. Conclusion. The perfusion of the microcirculation does not change after initiation of VA-ECMO treatment in neonates with severe respiratory failure

Inhaled nitric oxide improves systemic microcirculation in infants with hypoxemic respiratory failure

To investigate the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on the systemic microcirculation. We hypothesized that inhaled nitric oxide improves the systemic microcirculation. Inhaled nitric oxide improves outcome in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn diagnosed by improving pulmonary blood flow and oxygenation. It reduces pulmonary vascular resistance without decline in systemic blood pressure. Inhaled nitric oxide is also utilized in the treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children and adults. It is thought to improve regional ventilation perfusion by regional selective pulmonary vasodilation. Pilot study. Intensive care unit of a level III university children's hospital. Consecutive ventilated patients who were treated with inhaled nitric oxide (20 ppm) were enrolled in this study. Eight patients (five boys, three girls) were included; five had congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed, one had persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn diagnosed, one had acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed, and one had bronchiolitis diagnosed. The median age was 0 months (range, 0-38 months). Inhaled nitric oxide administration. The microcirculation was assessed in the buccal mucosa within 1 hr before and within 1 hr after the start of inhaled nitric oxide using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging. The median functional capillary density before the inhaled nitric oxide was started was 4.0 cm/cm (range, 1.8-5.6 cm/cm) and improved to 4.9 cm/cm (range, 2.8-6.6 cm/cm; p = .017) after the start of inhaled nitric oxide. Inhaled nitric oxide improves the systemic microcirculation in children with hypoxemic respiratory failur