2,491 research outputs found
Maternal Labor Market Return, Parental Leave Policies, and Gender Inequality in Housework
This study investigates how the duration of the work interruption and the labor market status of mothers upon their return affect the division of housework in couples after a birth. By observing several parental leave policy reforms in Britain and West-Germany, this research also explores how extended leave entitlements for mothers influence the division of housework. The analysis uses multilevel multiprocess models for 1220 birth events of British couples and 1785 births to German couples based on data from the British Household Panel Survey (1991-2008) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (1985-2009). The results suggest that mothers increase their housework hours with every additional month of employment interruption. Mothers' full-time return seems more effective than a short labor market time-out in altering men's housework contributions and reducing the trend towards a more traditional division of housework. Parental leave policy extensions for mothers were associated with the division of housework only indirectly through their impact on the length of women's work interruptions.Parenthood, parental leave policy, maternal employment, housework, gender division of labor, Britain, Germany
Measurement of anharmonicity of phonons in negative thermal expansion compound Zn(CN)2 by high pressure inelastic neutron scattering
Zn(CN)2 is known to have an isotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE)
coefficient (about -51 x 10-6 K-1) over 10-370 K that is twice as large as that
of ZrW2O8. We have measured the pressure dependence of the phonon spectra up to
30 meV from a polycrystalline sample of Zn(CN)2 at pressures of 0, 0.3, 1.9 and
2.8 kbar at temperatures of 165 and 225 K. The measurements enabled us to
estimate the energy dependence of the ratios Gamma/B (Gamma are Gruneisen
parameters as a function of phonon energy Ei at ambient pressure and B is the
bulk modulus), which reflect the anharmonicity of phonons. We conclude that the
phonon modes of low energy below 15 meV play an important role in the
understanding of the NTE behavior in Zn(CN)2 and the measured anharmonicity can
quantitatively explain the NTE.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Multi-user Scheduling Schemes for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer
In this paper, we study the downlink multi-user scheduling problem for a
time-slotted system with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer.
In particular, in each time slot, a single user is scheduled to receive
information, while the remaining users opportunistically harvest the ambient
radio frequency (RF) energy. We devise novel scheduling schemes in which the
tradeoff between the users' ergodic capacities and their average amount of
harvested energy can be controlled. To this end, we modify two fair scheduling
schemes used in information-only transfer systems. First, proportionally fair
maximum normalized signal-to-noise ratio (N-SNR) scheduling is modified by
scheduling the user having the jth ascendingly ordered (rather than the
maximum) N-SNR. We refer to this scheme as order-based N-SNR scheduling.
Second, conventional equal-throughput (ET) fair scheduling is modified by
scheduling the user having the minimum moving average throughput among the set
of users whose N-SNR orders fall into a certain set of allowed orders Sa
(rather than the set of all users). We refer to this scheme as order-based ET
scheduling. The feasibility conditions required for the users to achieve ET
with this scheme are also derived. We show that the smaller the selection order
j for the order-based N-SNR scheme, and the lower the orders in Sa for the
order-based ET scheme, the higher the average amount of energy harvested by the
users at the expense of a reduction in their ergodic capacities. We analyze the
performance of the considered scheduling schemes for independent and
non-identically distributed (i.n.d.) Ricean fading channels, and provide
closed-form results for the special case of i.n.d. Rayleigh fading.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. Submitted for possible conference publicatio
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