Verminderung von Alkaloiden in der Nahrungskette durch die züchterische Verbesserung der Mutterkorn-Resistenz von Winterroggen

Rye as an outcrossing crop is highly susceptible to ergot infection caused by Claviceps purpurea. It is ecologically the best solution to avoid the infection already in the field by growing resistant varieties. Aim of our study is the analysis of inheritance of self-fertile rye material for ergot resistance and alcaloid content. Sixty CMS inbred lines and their 90 CMS crosses were tested in pollen-isolated fields in three environ-ments under the conditions of Ecological Farming by artificial inoculation. The sclerotia weight per head was evaluated as resistance trait. Both, CMS lines and testcrosses showed significant genotypic differences at the individual environments. Correlation between both groups was significant (r=0,6-0,7; P=0,01). The alcaloid contents and the alcaloid spectra of 25 CMS lines revealed no genotypic difference. Breeding of self-fertile rye for a higher resistance to ergot should be successful on the long run

Analyse der Virulenzsituation des Roggenschwarzrostes (Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis) im ökologischen Landbau zur Züchtung resistenten Roggens

Organic Agriculture is especially affected by the increasing spread of stem rust in rye (Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis) because there is a lack of resistant cultivars in Germany. To analyze the virulence situation of rye stem rust, 71 single-pustule-isolates were established and 30 of those were tested with a differential set consisting of 19 lines. The isolates could be classified into 22 different pathotypes. Only seven pathotypes could be found more than once. Most of the isolates showed a complexity of five virulences. In a preliminary analysis a Simpson index of 0,98 was found indicating a high level of diversity of German stem rust populations. Nine of 19 tested lines reacted fully resistant in seedling stage. In 2011, 70 and 30 rye populations, were cultivated under organic conditions at three and five field sites, respectively, to determine the level of adult-plant resistance. The most common cultivars Recrut, Conduct, Amilo, Firmament®, Lichtkornroggen®, Rolipa, and Lautenbacher were highly susceptible to stem rust under artificial infection with disease severities of about 50%. Twelve rye populations contained resistant plants in varying frequencies resulting in disease severities ranging from 6-34%

Kontrolle des Roggenschwarzrostes, Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis, im Ökologischen Landbau durch Züchtung resistenten Roggens

Der Ökologische Landbau (ÖLB) ist von der zunehmenden Ausbreitung des Roggenschwarz-rostes, Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis, besonders betroffen, da resistente Roggensorten bisher nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Zur Analyse der Virulenzsituation des Roggenschwarzrostes wurden 389 Einpustelisolate (EPI) hergestellt, von denen 323 mit einem Differentialsortiment aus 15 Inzuchtlinien getestet wurden. Die EPI konnten 226 Pathotypen zugeordnet werden, von denen nur 56 Pathotypen häufiger als einmal vorkamen. Die Mehrzahl der Isolate wies in den Jahren 2011, 2012 und 2013 eine Komplexität von sieben, sechs bzw. fünf auf. Keine der 15 Differentiallinien reagierte vollständig resistent. Mit einem Simpson-Wert von 0,99 zeigt sich eine maximale Diversität der deutschen Schwarzrostpopulation. Das im Rahmen des Projektes entwickelt Isolatesortiment deckt das aktuelle Virulenzspektrum der Schwarzrostpopulationen ab und kann auch zukünftig genutzt werden, um die Wirksamkeit von Schwarzrostresistenzen zu prüfen. Außerdem kann das Auftreten neuer Virulenzen in der Schwarzrostpopulation jetzt rechtzeitig erkannt und wirtschaftlicher Schaden abgewendet werden. Zur Ermittlung der Adultpflanzen-Resistenz wurden bis zu 70 Genetische Ressourcen sowie adaptiertes, selbstfertiles Roggenmaterial unter ökologischen Bedingungen an fünf Feldstandorten je Jahr angebaut. Das Inokulum für die künstlichen Inokulationen wurde am JKI produziert und die Inokulation fand im Entwicklungsstadium BBCH37 (Mai 2013 und Mai 2014) statt. Die im Ökologischen Landbau verwendeten Sorten Recrut, Conduct, Amilo, Firmament®, Lichtkornroggen®, Rolipa und Lautenbacher waren nach künstlicher Infektion hoch anfällig gegenüber Schwarzrost mit Befallsstärken von über 50%. Nach drei Versuchs-jahren konnten insgesamt 17 Populationssorten aus Österreich (Tiroler, Kärntner, Oberkärnt-ner), Russland (Hy75/81, Hy2407/87, Talwoskaja 29, Hy9a/86, Talowskija, Zidlochowicke rane, Instituckie Wcz), den USA (Wheeler, Elbon, Wrens Abruzzi, Gator, Alfa), und Argentinien (Manfredi), mit mittleren Befallswerten von ≤30 % für die Züchtung bereitgestellt werden. Das Projekt leistete damit einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Nutzung der Biodiversität des Roggens und zur Optimierung der Resistenzzüchtung im ÖLB. Resistente Roggensorten werden in Zukunft eine effiziente Kontrolle des Roggenschwarzrostes ermöglichen, die den Grundsätzen des ÖLB entspricht. Das Projekt kann den Hauptaufgaben 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 und 2.14 des Forschungsplanes des BMELV zugeordnet werden und ist Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung von Strategien zur Nutzung von Schwarzrostresistenzen sowie die Bewertung der Widerstandfähigkeit von Roggen gegenüber Schwarzrost

Brasetto hybrid winter rye

Brasetto is one of the first two hybrid winter (fall) rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars to be registered for production in Canada. In registration trials, its grain yield was 42 percent higher than the mean of the check entries and 23 percent higher than the highest yielding reference cultivar, Hazlet. It has a very high falling number, which is of special interest in the food market. Except for lower grain protein content and a slightly higher ergot (Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.) level, the rest of its measured agronomic and quality characters have been better than or within the range of the Fall Rye Co-operative Registration Trial check cultivars in Canada. Its expected endâ use will be primarily for food and feed grain.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Genetic architecture of complex agronomic traits examined in two testcross populations of rye (<it>Secale cereale</it> L.)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rye is an important European crop used for food, feed, and bioenergy. Several quality and yield-related traits are of agronomic relevance for rye breeding programs. Profound knowledge of the genetic architecture of these traits is needed to successfully implement marker-assisted selection programs. Nevertheless, little is known on quantitative loci underlying important agronomic traits in rye.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We used 440 F_3:4 inbred lines from two biparental populations (Pop-A, Pop-B) fingerprinted with about 800 to 900 SNP, SSR and/or DArT markers and outcrossed them to a tester for phenotyping. The resulting hybrids and their parents were evaluated for grain yield, single-ear weight, test weight, plant height, thousand-kernel weight, falling number, protein, starch, soluble and total pentosan contents in up to ten environments in Central Europe. The quality of the phenotypic data was high reflected by moderate to high heritability estimates. QTL analyses revealed a total of 31 QTL for Pop-A and 52 for Pop-B. QTL x environment interactions were significant (P < 0.01) in most cases but variance of QTL main effect was more prominent.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>QTL mapping was successfully applied based on two segregating rye populations. QTL underlying grain yield and several quality traits had small effects. In contrast, thousand-kernel weight, test weight, falling number and starch content were affected by several major QTL with a high frequency of occurrence in cross validation. These QTL explaining a large proportion of the genotypic variance can be exploited in marker-assisted selection programs and are candidates for further genetic dissection.</p

Studying Stem Rust and Leaf Rust Resistances of Self-Fertile Rye Breeding Populations

Stem rust (SR) and leaf rust (LR) are currently the two most important rust diseases of cultivated rye in Central Europe and resistant cultivars promise to prevent yield losses caused by those pathogens. To secure long-lasting resistance, ideally pyramided monogenic resistances and race-nonspecific resistances are applied. To find respective genes, we screened six breeding populations and one testcross population for resistance to artificially inoculated SR and naturally occurring LR in multi-environmental field trials. Five populations were genotyped with a 10K SNP marker chip and one with DArTseqTM. In total, ten SR-QTLs were found that caused a reduction of 5&ndash;17 percentage points in stem coverage with urediniospores. Four QTLs thereof were mapped to positions of already known SR QTLs. An additional gene at the distal end of chromosome 2R, Pgs3.1, that caused a reduction of 40 percentage points SR infection, was validated. One SR-QTL on chromosome 3R, QTL-SR4, was found in three populations linked with the same marker. Further QTLs at similar positions, but from different populations, were also found on chromosomes 1R, 4R, and 6R. For SR, additionally seedling tests were used to separate between adult-plant and all-stage resistances and a statistical method accounting for the ordinal-scaled seedling test data was used to map seedling resistances. However, only Pgs3.1 could be detected based on seedling test data, even though genetic variance was observed in another population, too. For LR, in three of the populations, two new large-effect loci (Pr7 and Pr8) on chromosomes 1R and 2R were mapped that caused 34 and 21 percentage points reduction in leaf area covered with urediniospores and one new QTL on chromosome 1R causing 9 percentage points reduction