Interpretation of the Stephan Quintet Galaxy Cluster using Hydro-Gravitational-Dynamics: Viscosity and Fragmentation

Stephan's Quintet (SQ) is a compact group of galaxies that has been well studied since its discovery in 1877 but is mysterious using cold dark matter hierarchical clustering cosmology (CDMHCC). Anomalous red shifts $z = (0.0027,0.019, 0.022, 0.022, 0.022)$ among galaxies in SQ either reduce it to a Trio with two highly improbable intruders from CDMHCC or support the Arp (1973) hypothesis that its red shifts are intrinsic. An alternative is provided by the Gibson 1996-2006 hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) theory where superclusters, clusters and galaxies all originate by gravitational fragmentation in the super-viscous plasma epoch and at planetary and star cluster mass scales in the primordial gas of the expanding universe. By this fluid-mechanical cosmology, the SQ galaxies gently separate and remain precisely along a line of sight because of perspective and the small transverse velocities permitted by their sticky viscous-gravitational beginnings. Star and gas bridges and young-globular-star-cluster (YGC) trails observed by the Hubble Space Telescope are triggered as SQ galaxies separate through viscous baryonic-dark-matter halos of dark proto-globular-cluster (PGC) clumps of frozen Earth-mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs).Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, see http://sdcc3.ucsd.edu/~ir118 for more informatio

Interpretation of the Tadpole VV29 Merging Galaxy System using Hydro-Gravitational Theory

Hubble Space Telescope (HST/ACS) images of the galaxy merger Tadpole are interpreted using the hydro-gravitational theory of Gibson 1996-2000 (HGT) that predicts galaxy masses within about 100 kpc are dominated by dark halos of planetary mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs) in dark proto-globular-star-clusters (PGCs). According to our interpretation, stars and young-globular-clusters (YGCs) appear out of the dark as merging galaxy components VV29cdef move through the baryonic-dark-matter halo of the larger galaxy VV29a creating luminous star-wakes. Frozen PFP planets are evaporated by radiation and tidal forces of the intruders. Friction from the gas accelerates an accretional cascade of PFPs to form larger planets, stars and YGCs of the filamentary galaxy VV29b. Star-wakes show that galaxy VV29c, identified as a blue dwarf by radio telescope observations of gas density and velocity (Briggs et al. 2001), with companions VV29def entered the dark halo of the larger VV29a galaxy at a radius 130 kpc and then spiraled in on different tracks toward frictional capture by the VV29a core. A previously dark dwarf galaxy is identified from a Keck spectrographic study showing a VV29c star-wake dense cluster of YGCs aligned to 1 degree in a close straight row (Tran et al. 2003).Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, article for The Astronomical Journal revised according to referee comment

Theory and observations of galactic dark matter

Sir James Jeans's (1902 and 1929) linear, acoustic, theory of gravitational instability gives vast errors for the structure formation of the early universe. Gibson's (1996) nonlinear theory shows that nonacoustic density extrema produced by turbulence are gravitationally unstable at turbulent, viscous, or diffusive Schwarz scales L_ST, L_SV, L_SD, independent of Jeans's acoustic scale L_J. Structure formation began with decelerations of 10^46 kg protosuperclusters in the hot plasma epoch, 13,000 years after the Big Bang, when L_SV decreased to the Hubble (horizon) scale L_H equiv ct, where c is light speed and t is time, giving 10^42 kg protogalaxies just before the cooled plasma formed neutral H-He gas at 300,000 years. In 10^3 years this primordial gas condensed to 10^23 - 10^25 kg L_SV - L_ST scale objects, termed ``primordial fog particles'' (PFPs). Schild (1996) suggested from continuous microlensing of quasar Q0957 + 561 A,B that the mass of the 10^42 kg lens galaxy is dominated by 10^23 - 10^25 kg ``rogue planets ... likely to be the missing mass''. A microlensing event seen at three observatories confirms Schild's (1996) claims, and supports Gibson's (1996) prediction that PFPs comprise most of the dark matter at galactic scales.Comment: submitted to A&A, pdf file with figures, or see http://www-acs.ucsd.edu/~ir11

Goodness in the Axis of Evil

An unexpected alignment of 2-4-8-16 cosmic microwave background spherical harmonic directions with the direction of a surprisingly large WMAP temperature minimum, a large radio galaxy void, and an unexpected alignment and handedness of galaxy spins have been observed. The alignments point to RA=202 degrees, delta = 25 degrees and are termed the ``Axis of Evil''. Already many authors have commented about how the AE impacts our understanding of how structure emerged in the Universe within the framework of Lamda-CDM, warm dark matter, string theory, and hydro-gravitational dynamics (HGD). The latter uniquely predicts the size scales of the voids and matter condensations, based upon estimates of fluid forces in the early phases of structure formation. Reported departures from simple Gaussian properties of the WMAP data favor two regimes of turbulent structure formation, and from these we make predictions of the nature of finer structure expected to be measured with the PLANCK spacecraft. From HGD, friction has limited the expansion of superclusters to 30 Mpc but supervoids have expanded with the universe to 300 Mpc.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure and 1 table, rejected by ApJ Letters not for technical reasons, but because the manuscript is too qualitative and does not rise to the level of ApJ. And the title is objectionabl

Hydro-Gravitational-Dynamics of Planets and Dark Energy

Self-gravitational fluid mechanical methods termed hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) predict plasma fragmentation 0.03 Myr after the turbulent big bang to form protosuperclustervoids, turbulent protosuperclusters, and protogalaxies at the 0.3 Myr transition from plasma to gas. Linear protogalaxyclusters fragment at 0.003 Mpc viscous-inertial scales along turbulent vortex lines or in spirals, as observed. The plasma protogalaxies fragment on transition into white-hot planet-mass gas clouds (PFPs) in million-solar-mass clumps (PGCs) that become globular-star-clusters (GCs) from tidal forces or dark matter (PGCs) by freezing and diffusion into 0.3 Mpc halos with 97% of the galaxy mass. The weakly collisional non-baryonic dark matter diffuses to > Mpc scales and frag-ments to form galaxy cluster halos. Stars and larger planets form by binary mergers of the trillion PFPs per PGC on 0.03 Mpc galaxy accretion disks. Star deaths depend on rates of planet accretion and internal star mixing. Moderate accretion rates produce white dwarfs that evaporate surrounding gas planets by spin-radiation to form planetary nebulae before Supernova Ia events, dimming some events to give systematic distance errors misinterpreted as the dark energy hypothesis and overestimates of the universe age. Failures of standard LCDM cosmological models reflect not only obsolete Jeans 1902 fluid mechanical assumptions, but also failures of standard turbulence models that claim the cascade of turbulent kinetic energy is from large scales to small. Because turbulence is always driven at all scales by inertial-vortex forces the turbulence cascade is always from small scales to large.Comment: 14 pages 9 figures, to be published in Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics 2009, 2(1), further information at http://sdcc3.ucsd.edu/~ir11

Is Dark Energy Falsifiable?

Is the accelerating expansion of the Universe true, inferred through observations of distant supernovae, and is the implied existence of an enormous amount of anti-gravitational dark energy material driving the accelerating expansion of the universe also true? To be physically useful these propositions must be falsifiable; that is, subject to observational tests that could render them false, and both fail when viscous, diffusive, astro-biological and turbulence effects are included in the interpretation of observations. A more plausible explanation of negative stresses producing the big bang is turbulence at Planck temperatures. Inflation results from gluon viscous stresses at the strong force transition. Anti-gravitational (dark energy) turbulence stresses are powerful but only temporary. No permanent dark energy is needed. At the plasma-gas transition, viscous stresses cause fragmentation of plasma proto-galaxies into dark matter clumps of primordial gas planets, each of which falsifies dark-energy cold-dark-matter cosmologies. Clumps of these planets form all stars, and explain the alleged accelerating expansion of the universe as a systematic dimming error of Supernovae Ia by light scattered in the hot turbulent atmospheres of evaporated planets surrounding central white dwarf stars.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, for Volume 7 of the Journal of Cosmolog

Clumps of hydrogenous planetoids as the dark matter of galaxies

Nonlinear gravitational condensation theory and quasar-microlensing observations lead to the conclusion that the baryonic mass of most galaxies is dominated by dense clumps of hydrogenous planetoids. Star microlensing collaborations fail to detect planetoids as the dominant dark matter component of the Galaxy halo by an unjustified uniform-number-density assumption that underestimates the average value. From (Jeans's 1902) linear gravitational condensation theory, and from nonlinear theory for different reasons, proto-globular-cluster (PGC) mass gas blobs should form soon after the plasma epoch ends and neutral gas appears, about 300,000 years after the Big Bang. Such PGC blobs should then fragment into planetary-mass objects at viscous and turbulent Schwarz scales of the weakly turbulent primordial gas, from Gibson's 1996 nonlinear theory. Schild's 1996 interpretation, from measured twinkling frequencies of the lensed quasar Q0957+561 A,B (after subtraction of the phased images), was that the mass of the lens galaxy is dominated by "rogue planets >... likely to be the missing mass". Schild's findings of a 1.1 year image time delay, with dominant planetoid image-twinkling-period, are confirmed herein by three observatories.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, re-submitted to Ap

Do micro brown dwarf detections explain the galactic dark matter?

Context: The baryonic dark matter dominating the structures of galaxies is widely considered as mysterious, but hints for it have been in fact detected in several astronomical observations at optical, infrared, and radio wavelengths. We call attention to the nature of galaxy merging, the observed rapid microlensing of a quasar, the detection of "cometary knots" in planetary nebulae, and the Lyman-alpha clouds as optical phenomena revealing the compact objects. Radio observations of "extreme scattering events" and "parabolic arcs" and microwave observations of "cold dust cirrus" clouds are observed at 15 - 20 K temperatures are till now not considered in a unifying picture. Aims: The theory of gravitational hydrodynamics predicts galactic dark matter arises from Jeans clusters that are made up of almost a trillion micro brown dwarfs (mBDs) of earth weight. It is intended to explain the aforementioned anomalous observations and to make predictions within this framework. Methods: We employ analytical isothermal modeling to estimate various effects. Results: Estimates of their total number show that they comprise enough mass to constitute the missing baryonic matter. Mysterious radio events are explained by mBD pair merging in the Galaxy. The "dust" temperature of cold galaxy halos arises from a thermostat setting due to a slow release of latent heat at the 14 K gas to solid transition at the mBD surface. The proportionality of the central black hole mass of a galaxy and its number of globular clusters is explained. The visibility of an early galaxy at redshift 8.6 is obvious with most hydrogen locked up in mBDs. Conclusions: Numerical simulations of various steps would further test the approach. It looks promising to redo MACHO searches against the Magellanic clouds.Comment: 12 pages A&A tex, 3 pdf figure

Gravitational hydrodynamics vs observations of voids, Jeans clusters and MACHO dark matter

Gravitational hydrodynamics acknowledges that hydrodynamics is essentially nonlinear and viscous. In the plasma, at $z=5100$, the viscous length enters the horizon and causes fragmentation into plasma clumps surrounded by voids. The latter have expanded to 38 Mpc now, explaining the cosmic void scale $30/h=42$ Mpc. After the decoupling the Jeans mechanism fragments all matter in clumps of ca 40,000 solar masses. Each of them fragments due to viscosity in millibrown dwarfs of earth weight, so each Jeans cluster contains billions of them. The Jeans clusters act as ideal gas particles in the isothermal model, explaining the flattening of rotation curves. The first stars in old globular clusters are formed by aggregation of milli brown dwarfs, without dark period. Star formation also happens when Jean clusters come close to each other and agitate and heat up the cooled milli brown dwarfs, which then expand and coalesce to form new stars. This explains the Tully-Fischer and Jackson-Faber relations, and the formation of young globular clusters in galaxy mergers. Thousand of milli brown dwarfs have been observed in quasar microlensing and some 40,000 in the Helix planetary nebula. While the milli brown dwarfs, i.e., dark baryons, constitute the galactic dark matter, cluster dark matter consists probably of 1.5 eV neutrinos, free streaming at the decoupling. These two types of dark matter explain a wealth of observations.Comment: 3 pages, Proceedings Marcel Grossmann XII, Paris 200

The Origin of Life from Primordial Planets

The origin of life and the origin of the universe are among the most important problems of science and they might be inextricably linked. Hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) cosmology predicts hydrogen-helium gas planets in clumps as the dark matter of galaxies, with millions of planets per star. This unexpected prediction is supported by quasar microlensing of a galaxy and a flood of new data from space telescopes. Supernovae from stellar over-accretion of planets produce the chemicals (C, N, O, P etc.) and abundant liquid water domains required for first life and the means for wide scattering of life prototypes. The first life likely occurred promptly following the plasma to gas transition 300,000 years after the big bang while the planets were still warm, and interchanges of material between planets constituted essentially a cosmological primordial soup. Images from optical, radio, and infrared space telescopes suggest life on Earth was neither first nor inevitable.Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, for International Journal of Astrobiology, corrections to figures, text and reference