Elbow medial collateral ligament injuries

Elbow medial collateral ligament sprain occurs when the elbow is subjected to a valgus force exceeding the tensile properties of the medial collateral ligament (MCL). This is an injury seen more often in throwing athletes. Understanding the differential diagnosis of medial elbow pain is paramount to diagnose MCL injury as well as addressing other medial elbow pathology. A natural evolution regarding MCL injury has occurred over the past 20 years, with modifications of the original surgical procedure, specificity and sensitivity analysis of imaging modalities, and physical exam maneuvers to diagnose MCL pathology. In order for the MCL literature to advance further, more biomechanical and long-term clinical outcome data for the respective surgical modifications are needed. This review describes MCL injury pathophysiology, patient evaluation, reconstruction indications/contraindications, and current and evolving surgical techniques

The shoulders of professional beach volleyball players: high prevalence of infraspinatus muscle atrophy

BACKGROUND: Beach volleyball is an Olympic overhead sport. It is not well known which clinical and imaging findings are normal and which are associated with symptoms. HYPOTHESIS: There are typical clinical and imaging findings in the hitting shoulders of fully competitive professional beach volleyball players, as compared with their nonhitting shoulders. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: During the Beach Volleyball Grand Slam Tournament in Klagenfurt, Austria, 84 professional players (54 men, 30 women) underwent a questionnaire-based interview and a complete physical examination, including scoring and sonography of both shoulders. Twenty-nine players had shoulder MRIs. RESULTS: The mean age of the athletes was 28 years. Atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle was found in 30% of the hitting shoulders, and it was not typically recognized by the players. The absolute Constant score was significantly lower in the hitting shoulder (87 versus 93 points, P < .0001). Average external rotation strength was decreased in the hitting shoulder (8.2 versus 9.5 kg, P < .0001). There were more abnormalities on the sonography of the hitting shoulder (1.7 versus 0.4, P < .0001) and in the same shoulders on MRI than on sonography (P = .0231). Compression of the suprascapular nerve was not observed. Pain in the hitting shoulder was present in 63% of the players, without clear correlations to the investigated clinical and imaging parameters. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of infraspinatus muscle atrophy in professional beach volleyball players is 30%. The typical, fully competitive player has subjectively unrecognized decreased strength of external rotation and frequent unspecific shoulder pain. Therefore, abnormal clinical and imaging findings in the beach volleyball player should be interpreted with care

Risk factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury in skeletally immature patients: analysis of intercondylar notch width using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The necessity for identification of risk factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL injury has challenged many investigators. Many authors have reported lower Notch Width Index, NWI measured on radiographs in patients with midsubstance ACL lesions compared to control groups. Since a narrow intercondylar notch has been implicated as a possible risk factor related to ACL injury we decided to compare NWI measured on MRI scans between age-matched groups with acute ACL injury with those of the normal population. The purpose of this study was to measure intercondylar notch width on MRI scans in an immature population to determine if there was a difference between the population with ACL tears and a control group. We also wanted to assess age as a risk factor in an ACL injury population. We retrospectively analysed the MRI scans of 46 patients with ACL injuries and 44 patients with normal MRI findings who served as a control group for NWI measurements. For the ACL injury group we collected information from medical charts including age at the time of injury, gender, mechanism of injury, type of activity practised at the time of injury and prevalence of meniscal injury. Demographic data of the control group were comparable with those from the study group. We found a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference in the mean value of the intercondylar notch width between normal knees (0.2691) and the ACL injury population (0.2415). In the ACL injury group we did not find differences in NWI values with regard to gender, involved side, mechanism of injury and type of sport practised at the time of injury. A narrower intercondylar notch was found to be associated with the risk of ACL rupture in an immature population. The young group of athletes with ACL injury needs further study to prospectively assess the risk of knee injuries

One-year patient-reported outcomes following primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair vary little by surgeon

Background: This study’s purpose was to investigate the extent to which differences among operating surgeons may influence 1-year patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in patients undergoing rotator cuff repair (RCR) surgery, after controlling for general and disease-specific patient factors. We hypothesized that surgeon would be additionally associated with 1-year PROMs, specifically the baseline to 1-year improvement in Penn Shoulder Score (PSS). Methods: We used mixed multivariable statistical modeling to assess the influence of surgeon (and alternatively surgical case volume) on 1-year PSS improvement in patients undergoing RCR at a single health system in 2018, controlling for eight patient- and six disease-specific preoperative factors as possible confounders. Contributions of predictors to explaining variation in 1-year PSS improvement were measured and compared using Akaike’s Information Criterion. Results: 518 cases performed by 28 surgeons met inclusion criteria, with median (quartiles) baseline PSS of 41.9 (31.9, 53.9) and 1-year PSS improvement of 42 (29.1, 55.3) points. Contrary to expectation, surgeon and surgical case volume were neither statistically significantly nor clinically meaningfully associated with 1-year PSS improvement. Baseline PSS and mental health status (VR-12 MCS) were the dominant and only statistically significant predictors of 1-year PSS improvement, with lower baseline PSS and higher VR-12 MCS predicting larger 1-year PSS improvement. Conclusion: Patients generally reported excellent 1-year outcomes following primary RCR. This study did not find evidence that the individual surgeon or surgeon case volume influences 1-year PROMs, independently of case-mix factors, following primary RCR in a large employed hospital system