Regionale Wachstumseffekte der GRW-Förderung?: Eine räumlich-ökonometrische Analyse auf Basis deutscher Arbeitsmarktregionen

This paper provides an analysis of the impact of the German “Joint Task for the Improve-ment of Regional Economic Structures” (GRW) on labour productivity growth of 225 German labour market regions for the period 1994 to 2006. The empirical regression approach builds on a “Barro-type” growth equation, where a special focus is given to the policy instrument as additional right hand side regressor. The results show that for different model specifications the direct effect of the regional policy instrument on labour productivity growth remains statistically significant and positive for almost two thirds of the supported labour markets. In order to check for the robustness of the results we also augment the standard regression approach to the field of spatial econometrics. Here the results for the Spatial Lag model show that we observe a strong positive spatial spillover effect for productivity growth among neighbouring regions. If we additionally include further spatial lags of the right hand side regressors in the growth equation, the estimated coefficients for the resulting Spatial Durbin and Spatial Durbin Error model indicate that there is a negative spillover effect from the GRW policy on neighbouring regions. This effect remains stable, if we add further spatial lags of other explanatory variables. The indirect distorting effect of the GRW programme yields to the result that only for about 45% of supported regions a positive overall effect was found (with an initial income level up to 73% of the non-funded West German labour markets)

Measurement of the Charged Multiplicities in b, c and Light Quark Events from Z0 Decays

Average charged multiplicities have been measured separately in $b$, $c$ and light quark ($u,d,s$) events from $Z^0$ decays measured in the SLD experiment. Impact parameters of charged tracks were used to select enriched samples of $b$ and light quark events, and reconstructed charmed mesons were used to select $c$ quark events. We measured the charged multiplicities: $\bar{n}_{uds} = 20.21 \pm 0.10 (\rm{stat.})\pm 0.22(\rm{syst.})$, $\bar{n}_{c} = 21.28 \pm 0.46(\rm{stat.}) ^{+0.41}_{-0.36}(\rm{syst.})$ $\bar{n}_{b} = 23.14 \pm 0.10(\rm{stat.}) ^{+0.38}_{-0.37}(\rm{syst.})$, from which we derived the differences between the total average charged multiplicities of $c$ or $b$ quark events and light quark events: $\Delta \bar{n}_c = 1.07 \pm 0.47(\rm{stat.})^{+0.36}_{-0.30}(\rm{syst.})$ and $\Delta \bar{n}_b = 2.93 \pm 0.14(\rm{stat.})^{+0.30}_{-0.29}(\rm{syst.})$. We compared these measurements with those at lower center-of-mass energies and with perturbative QCD predictions. These combined results are in agreement with the QCD expectations and disfavor the hypothesis of flavor-independent fragmentation.Comment: 19 pages LaTex, 4 EPS figures, to appear in Physics Letters

Challenges and strategies for genetic selection of sheep better adapted to harsh environments

10 Pág.Extensive sheep farming is often associated with small flocks grazing large areas, delivering limited economic returns compared with the revenue of examples such as dairy or intensive beef cattle farming. However, sheep are a popular choice of livestock in challenging environments where few other production systems are viable (Rust and Rust, 2013). Low input, extensive systems make use of the ability of ruminants to metabolize low-quality, high fiber materials that characterize pastoral grazing. By producing wool, meat, and sometimes dairy, extensive sheep production can deliver high-quality output products from a low-quality input that would otherwise have had little value for sustaining mankind. Furthermore, extensive pastoral systems can arguably be excused from some of the criticisms aimed at factory farming (Frank, 1979). Assuming sustainable stocking rates, extensive sheep farming may be favored in terms of the social and environmental concerns around animal production. However, low input systems are also associated with specific challenges. Outside the support of intensive systems, livestock are expected to survive, produce, and reproduce with little assistance from human intervention or shelter. In addition to requiring a high level of independence, they are also more exposed to the environmental elements such as harsh climates, disease, and parasite challenge. These environmental stressors directly affect production, but the implications for health and welfare should also be considered (Dwyer, 2009). Environmental intervention can be effective (Masters et al., 2023) and should aim to ensure the best outcome for animals wherever possible. In the majority of extensive systems, however, opportunities are limited for being either impractical or too expensive. Animals kept in extensive systems should thus possess an ability to adapt and cope with environmental challenges—a concern of animal breeding and genetics. The issue of adaptability has been previously reviewed according to different definitions such as the genetic selection for animal “robustness” (Rauw and Gomez-Raya, 2015) or “resilience” (Colditz and Hine, 2016; Berghof et al., 2019). The underlying concept is to achieve genetic selection of candidates most capable of withstanding or coping with environmental changes or challenges, with a desirable outcome for both performance and welfare (Rauw et al., 2021). A conceptual framework for genetic robustness was outlined by Knap (2005), and the reader interested in a wider treatment of “adaption and fitness” applied to both animal and plant species should also see the topics compiled by van der Werf et al. (2009). In extensive sheep flocks, climatic stress is a key focus of environmental adaption, and will likely become a greater concern with the effects expected from climate change (Rust and Rust, 2013). Heat stress, for example, has important implications for the well-being of ruminants (Silanikove, 2000). Accordingly, opportunities for genetic improvement of heat stress resistance has received considerable attention in the last two decades, but with the majority of studies aimed at intensive species such as dairy cattle (Pryce et al., 2022). Despite the very high level of exposure to heat stress for sheep, information on the genetic components of heat stress resistance is scarce . In turn, certain stages of the sheep reproduction cycle can also be particularly susceptible to cold stress, which has severe implications for mortality rate when lambs are born into cold, wet, and windy conditions (Donnelly, 1984). Premature death is not only a major contributor to overall reproductive wastage but also an important social concern (Dwyer, 2008). In addition to other stressors such as parasite and disease challenge, this review will address the challenges and opportunities in considering important environmental factors in genetic selection of sheep. This paper aims to (1) provide a short overview of the issues for genetic selection across variable environments; (2) consider the challenges in adapting these concepts to sheep breeding; and (3) suggest strategies promoting research and implementation, both through opportunities within existing datasets as well as in development of novel breeding objectives.Peer reviewe

Analyse der Wirkungen regionalpolitischer Instrumente

SIGLETIB Hannover: RN 2684(120) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Complete conversion of nitrate into dinitrogen gas in co-cultures of denitrifying bacteria

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Betriebe und Arbeitsplaetze in Stadtregionen Eine Auswertung neuerer Studien der Organisation fuer Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD)

TIB: RN 5905 (885) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Betriebe und Arbeitsplaetze in Stadtregionen Eine Auswertung neuerer Studien der Organisation fuer Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD)

TIB: RN 5905 (885) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

CYP2D6 genotype related to tamoxifen efficacy: An analysis with exclusion of potential fake CYP2D6 genotype assignment caused by loss of hetcrozygosity in tumor tissue

Personalised Therapeutic