Second trimester termination of pregnancy with misoprostol alone and misoprostol with isosorbide mononitrate: a comparative study

Background: Aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of misoprostol   alone and misoprostol with isosorbide mononitrate in reducing the induction abortion time interval in second trimester termination of pregnancy.Methods: A randomized control prospective study was conducted. Patients seeking second trimester abortions were randomized in to two groups. Group A received 400 ugm of misoprostol per vaginum every 4 hours up to maximum of 5 doses. Group B patients received 400 ugm of misoprostol and 40mg of isosorbide nitrate intravaginally. Repeat dose of 400 ugm misoprostol and 20 mg of isosorbide mononitrate was given every 4 hours up to a maximum of 5 doses. The induction to abortion interval and side effects of the drugs used were noted.Results: A total 71 women seeking second trimester termination between 12 to 20 weeks gestation were recruited for the study. In group A, there were 36 patients and in group B there were 35 patients. In group A the mean induction abortion interval was 14.8±4.16 hours while in group B the mean induction-abortion interval was 12.45±3.9 hours. Patients treated with isosorbide mononitrate and misoprostol combination had statistically significantly lower induction abortion time interval when compared with misoprostol alone (p value 0.018).Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the combination of isosorbide mononitrate and misoprostol is more effective for termination of second trimester pregnancy than misoprostol alone.

Profile of serum electrolytes in critically Ill children: A prospective study

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the various electrolyte abnormalities in critically ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and their association with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective observational study conducted on 180 critically ill children in the age group 2 months to 15 years admitted in the PICU of a tertiary care hospital. Venous blood sample was obtained for the estimation of serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. The incidence of electrolyte abnormalities and their relation to the primary illness was calculated. Morbidity (mean duration of hospital stay) and mortality rates were evaluated and compared to patients with normal electrolyte levels. Results: Electrolyte abnormalities were seen in 108 children (60%); 72 patients (40%) were having normal electrolyte levels. Most common abnormality seen was hyponatremia in 50.5% patients (n=91). Morbidity and mortality were also higher in these patients. Overall mortality with dyselectrolytemia was 30.5% (n=33) as compared to those with normal electrolyte levels (4.1%, n=3) and was statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The present study showed a high incidence of electrolyte abnormalities in acutely ill children admitted to PICU. Since the specific symptoms of electrolyte abnormality often merge with the underlying disease, they remain unrecognized and contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality besides the primary illness. Close monitoring and appropriate correction of electrolyte abnormalities will be useful in lowering mortality

An incidental finding of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a case report

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare malignancy of female genital tract that histologically and clinically resemble epithelial ovarian cancer. Diagnosis of PFTC is difficult, especially at earlier stages. Most of the time it is an incidental finding. Careful surgical and pathological staging is important. It has worse prognosis than ovarian cancer as it is not routinely suspected, hence treatment is delayed.We, hereby, report a rare case of PFTC diagnosed incidentally while doing bilateral salpingoopherectomy for removal of ovarian cyst

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Stable graphite exfoliation by fullerenol intercalation via aqueous route

Graphene is a wonder material possessing unique properties; however, graphene prepared by exfoliation of graphite has property to restack because of van der Waals interactions to form graphite. This restacking can be prevented by insertion of large molecules like fullerene, which not only exfoliates graphite layer but also prevents restacking of prepared graphene sheets. The present article also describes a mild method of graphite oxide synthesis (GO) for lower degree of oxidation resulting in less defected (ruptured carbon framework) graphene sheets. Exfoliation is performed by intercalation of large fullerene molecules by aqueous reaction of fullerene hydroxide (fullerenol) with the epoxy functionalities on graphite oxide to prepare fullerene intercalated graphite (G-Fol). Fullerene functionalization of GO to form G-Fol has been established by FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TGA and number of layers has been ascertained by Raman spectroscopy, XRD and HRTEM. Stable exfoliation of G-Fol has been confirmed by change in absorbance with time. Photoluminescence property of the material is also evaluated by fluorescence emission and excitation measurement at different excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. The present article explains a new method of exfoliation of graphite to form stable functionalized graphene layers with fewer defects for future applications as buffer layer in electronic devices

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Not AvailableThe Indian hill trout cyprinid, Barilius bendelisis is a member of family Cyprinidae that dwells in shallow, cold, and clear water. In this study, growth parameters and reproductive biology of Indian hill trout, Barilius bendelisis from river Gaula, Central Himalaya region, India, were studied. The length-frequency data were grouped sex wise and were analyzed to determine the growth and mortality parameters using the computer software programme, FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool (FISAT II). Altogether, 501 individuals were col¬lected from river Gaula (November 2013-October 2014) and were preserved in formalin for further analysis. The results showed that the female outnumbered the male population. The minimum GSI of females was observed in the month of October (4.93 ± 0.26) and for males in the month of June and July (0.093 ± 0.12), whereas, the maximum value was in the month of April for both females (13.47 ± 0.52) and males (1.21 ± 0.12). Fluctuation in GSI values had a bimodal pattern showing two peaks during March-May and August-September in both the sexes, indicating the common spawning period of fish. The slope of regression showed the negative allometric growth for both males and females (b= 2.65 for male and b= 2.5 for female). A significant relationship between length and weight was observed in the present study (p < 0.05). The ELEFAN-I estimated L∞ and K of the von Bertalanffy growth factor for males (17.33 cm and 0.310 per year), females (17.33 cm and 0.3 per year) and pooled sexes (17.33 cm and 0.240 per year). The results indicated that Barilius bendelisis is a small sized fish having negative allometric growth that spawns twice a year. Thus, the present study on biological traits repre¬sents the baseline information for effective production, conservation and restoration planningIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR

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Not AvailableIn this study, differentiation in the morphological traits of an important ornamental cyprinid fish, Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton, 1807) was investigated. A total of 134 individuals were collected from River Gaula and Kosi between November 2013 to March 2014 in Uttarakhand region of Central Himalaya; 6 meristic and 24 morphometric characteristics were recorded for each specimen. Principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for differentiating the population. 16 significant morphometric variables (p<0.001) were considered for multivariate analysis. The principal component (PC) for 16 morphometric variables generated seven components accounting for 71.84% of the total variation between the populations. First principal component alone accounted for 35.24% of total variation. The step wise discriminant analysis retained one factor showing highest variation in body depth, length of pectoral fin, dorsal fin base length, sub orbital width, head length and snout length. Using these variables, 82.7% of individuals were retained into their original groups (82.7% under a ‘leave-one-out’ procedure). This study hypothesizes that the phenotypic variation between these close populations could be attributed to environmental and genetic factors.Not Availabl

Performance Analysis of WDM Optical Communication System in the Presence of Four Wave Mixing (FWM) Under the Impact of Channel Spacing with Variable Dispersion

Abstract — Four Wave Mixing (FWM) is the parameter which restricts the transmission distance and bandwidth of optical communication systems. There are various factors which influence FWM, such as channel input power, spacing between channels, dispersion of fiber, operating wavelength and refractive index etc. The nonlinear effects tend to manifest themselves when optical power is very high and become important in WDM/DWDM systems. FWM suppression is required to overcome this problem. Techniques like, equal and unequal-channel spacing with varied laser power &amp; alternate delay have been proposed to reduce the impact of FWM on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical communication system. Further the comparison of reduction of FWM for proposed techniques has been discussed by varying the dispersion of fiber from 0 to 16 ps/nm/km. Here, all the input channels have been spaced evenly at 100 GHz. The simulation results show that by increasing channel spacing, FWM reduces. It is observed that on increasing the channel spacing, the interference between the input frequencies decreases and hence the four wave mixing also decreases

An incidental finding of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a case report

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare malignancy of female genital tract that histologically and clinically resemble epithelial ovarian cancer. Diagnosis of PFTC is difficult, especially at earlier stages. Most of the time it is an incidental finding. Careful surgical and pathological staging is important. It has worse prognosis than ovarian cancer as it is not routinely suspected, hence treatment is delayed.We, hereby, report a rare case of PFTC diagnosed incidentally while doing bilateral salpingoopherectomy for removal of ovarian cyst