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Not AvailableFifteen healthy camel calves of nearly similar age (2-21/2 year), body weight and uniform conformation were selected and distributed randomly into three treatments vzi., T1(control),T2(2% Azolla incorporation),T3 (4% Azolla incorporation). All the pelleted complete feeds formulated for various treatment groups were prepared iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric with concentrate to roughage ratio 60:40 with Azolla incorporation. Feedng trial was carried out for period of 60 days. There was no significant difference in DM Intake and digestibility of nutrients. Average body weight and body weight gain were similar in different treatment groups. The average daily live gain (ADG) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the treatment group than in control group. It could be concluded that non conventional feed resource i.e. Azolla can be utilised successfully in the feeding of camel calves by blending with other reliable ingredients in the from of pelleted complete feed. Feeding of Azolla to camel calves improve growth performance and feed conversion efficiency without affecting the feed intake and nutrient digestibility.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe report describes an outbreak of Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) in a camel herd and clinical management of severe facial swelling, skin and buccal mucosal lesions in eleven (11) animals during early stage of disease. These animals were treated with combination of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Flunixin was more effective as evident from rapid recession of facial swelling and early clinical recovery as compared to Meloxicam.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study aimed to document the sexual and maternal behaviour of Bactrian camel and compare them with Dromedary camel. The sexual behaviour of male camel was comparable in both species except for absence of extrusion of soft pallet, absence of poll gland secretions and less vocalization and grinding of teeth in Bactrian males. The body weight loss during breeding season was more prominent in Bactrian, though poor availability of vegetation for grazing may be another contributing factor behind this observation. The copulation time in Bactrian is lesser than Dromedary camel. Estrous signs in both species were obscure. Maternal protective guarding behaviour appeared more prominent in Bactrian camel. In brief, the intensity and frequency of certain sexual and maternal behaviour vary in Bactrian and Dromedary camel though the basic features remains identical.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study aimed to document the sexual an maternal behaviour of Bactrian camel and compare them with Dromedary camel. The sexual behaviour of male camel was comparable in both species except for absence of extrusion of soft pallet, absence of poll gland secretions and less vocalization and grinding of teeth in Bactrian males. The body weight loss during breeding season was more prominent in Bactrian though poor availability of vegetation for grazing may be another contributing factor behind this observation. The copulation time in Bactrian is lesser than Dromedary camel. Estrous signs in both species were obscure. Maternal protective guarding behaviour appeared more proment in Bactrian camel in brief, the intensity and frequency of certain sexual and maternal behaviour vary in Bactrian and Dromedary camel though the basic features remains identical .Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) of Central Asia, China, and Mongolia are important to the indigenous people of this region. A small population of bactrian camel exists in the Nubra valley of Ladakh and atpresent, only about 210 camels are left (Ranjan et al, 2015). They are strong built animals, used mainly for pack and draught purposes. They appear quite resilient to changes in weather conditions, can withstand the very low temperatures (often close to -20°C) in winter and moderately high temperature (up to 35°C) in summer prevailing in these regions. The present study and blood biochemical prole of double humped camel of Ladakh region during winter season and to compare the values with the single humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe common health problems in camel included weakness, pica, dental mottling and attrition, ocular problems, infeility and aboration in female, fracture of limb and mandible and skin laceration and wound (Table-1). Local people belive that the dental changes are attributable to browsing of dry fallen leaves of Seabuck thron (Hippophae rhamnoides) plants during winter. Weakness (25%) and pica(17.5%) recorded in the present study could be due to poor nutritional staus during the winter season. High incidence of skin laceration and wounds (15%) and eye laceration nd corneal opacity (7.5%) was recorded. Eye injuries and subsequent corneal opacities often occur in camels during browsing of the plant (Fig 2). Pointed thorns of the plant are also responsible for skin Iacerations and wounds in the camel, particulary during the winter. Infertility and abortions could be arising due to some non-intectious reasons. Occurrence of any reproductive disorders or poor libido in male was not reported by owners in the present study. Fracture to tibia-fibula induced by trauma was observed in one camel. Presence of any parasitic eggs or oocyst could not be detected in the faecal samples collected during the study. Some of the health problems were informed by the camel owners which included retention of urine and progressive hind quarter weakness, ataxia and subsequent complete paralysis leading to death of 4 to 5 animals during winters in past 2 to 3 years.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe report describes clinical mastitis and hemolactia caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in a she camel. Pinkish to reddish milk discoloration with presence of numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes and erythrocytes was recorded. Treatment with antibiotic and hemostatics resulted in clinical recovery within a week. S. epidermidis, a minor bovine mastitis pathogen can cause clinical mastitis and hemolactia in camel also.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAt present the total population of double-humped camel in Nubra vally is about 211. Including 21 calves below the age of One year (status up to march 2015). Fortunately the population has evidenced an increasing trend during the past few years, which is a favourable sign for conservation of this precious animal species. Bactrian camels are the major tourist attraction in Nubra vally. Larger camel populations remain in semi-wild condition and the farmers bring them home to train for camel riding only during the tourist season, Important health problems faced by these camels as reported by villagers and observed in our investigations, include corneal (eye) injuries and subsequent cornel opacities occurring while browsing on bushes of sea-buckthorn and neonatal mortality mostly due to predation by wild carnivores like foxes, jackals and dogs. Attempts should be made to encourage camel-based tourism activites in Nubra valley. The community grazing areas should be protected from encroachment. Small-scale industries/cottage industries for processing/manufacturing camel-based products should be encouragedNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) of Central Asia, China, and Mongolia are important to the indigenous people of this region. A small population of bactrian camel exists in the Nubra valley of Ladakh and at present, only about 210 camels are left (Ranjan et al, 2015). They are strong built animals, used mainly for pack and draught purposes. They appear quite resilient to changes in weather conditions, can withstand the very low temperatures (often close to -20°C) in winter and moderately high temperature (up to 35°C) in summer prevailing in these regions. The present study was aimed to investigate the normal haematological and blood biochemical profile of double humped camel of Ladakh region during winter season and to compare the values with the single humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn most of domestic animals, semen biology is well studied, but it is not so well studied in camelids particularly in dromedary camels. In camelids, the ejaculated semen is highly viscous, so before its evaluation and processing for preservation, it is necessary to be liquefied. Our study was designed to evaluate the effect of three different enzymes (0.1% Collagenase, 0.5 X Accutase, 0.1% Trypsin-EDTA - Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid) on seminal viscosity at different time intervals along with its effects on seminal parameters. Semen was collected from the six adult healthy male camels using female camel as dummy. Bovine artificial vagina was used for the semen collection and ejaculate was kept at 37ºC for further processing after its collection. All three enzymes were diluted in 1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the semen samples were kept at 37ºC. The samples were evaluated at different time intervals 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min (T0–T240) for viscosity and it was evaluated by pipette method. Immediately after collection, the viscosity was very high, and no sperm mass motility was seen. However, after enzyme treatment viscosity was showed declining trend in all treatment groups compared to control. In trypsin treated group maximum motility was reached in 15 minutes. Live-dead percent was observed to be similar among treatment groups. Observations on liquefaction of semen revealed that use of enzymes decreasing the viscosity but with different ratesNot Availabl