Exploring the Socio-Cultural Hybridity and Psychological Disintegration in N. Scott Momaday's House Made of Dawn and Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony

The advent of the Post-World-War-II scenario has observed dramatic changes in socio-cultural, socio-political, socio-economic, and socio-psychological stature of globalized society. It has brought all suffocative environment filled with socio-cultural plurality and psychological disintegration that introduced a new kind of emotional fragmentation during this period. Much literary works have explored upon the kind and influences of cultural plurality, disintegration of psychology while reflecting upon the quest for re-orientation of life in this times. A kind of social and psychological unrest in all sectors of life has triggered a quest for identity, integrity of life, a sense of dislocation. Much novelists and critics have explored this problem of integrating memories, and relative aspects of consciousness to unify their individual protagonists as their whole. The same has been reflected through their linguistic versions.             The present paper endeavors to uncover the multicultural backdrop of society that has triggered a sense of cultural, geographical and psychological dislocation amongst the individuals. It attempts to uncover the darkest approach of cultural plurality, having a sense of racial, economic and political supremacy of dominant cultures. It will bring forth the collapse of individual and collective, social consciousness and explore upon the same critically. The paper would interpret the formless conditions of life under the light of similar theoretical disposition and simultaneously decode multiple layers of cultural dislocation. So as to reach its confrontational assessment it would undertake the assessment of N. Scott. Mamaday's House Made of Dawn and Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony altogether. It would reflect upon the socio-cultural hybridity and psychological disintegration as the chief source of their destruction. Seemingly, the same would bring forth the apt assessment of socio-cultural scenario that would present the larger picture of the contemporary age

Delineating the Double Consciousness and Hybridization in N. Scott Momaday's House Made of Dawn: Exploring the Abel's Fragmented Individual Consciousness as the by-product of Hybridization

The increasing beckons of globalized culture, post-colonial state of affairs have enthused an amorphous characters in the world. Much of the literary works have explored upon the diversity of cultures, miscellany and disintegrated psychology of individuals in the times. Socio-cultural, political and psychological unrest during the World Wars First and the Second has triggered a quest for identity, integrity of life and a sense of dislocation amidst of psychological disintegriety. Art and literature have sought to refract and reinscribe this uncertainty and fragmented personal and collective consciousness to its best possible extent. The postmodern literature, more exclusively, reflected the very crisis of individual consciousness, and mirrored moral-cum-spiritual chaos of the age. Almost, all the novelists have noted this problem of integrating memories and relative aspects of consciousness to unify their whole.             As stated before, the generations have experienced a kind of formless life conditions, hybridized lifestyle in almost all the dimensions of life such as social, religious, political, educational and moral as well. At most, they have postulated a life scenario what Mikhail Bakhtin would call as Hybridization of life. N. Scott. Momaday, an American novelist, has captured this very essential collapse of individual and collective social consciousness, in Abel's amorphous character in his House Made of Dawn.             The present research paper aims to interpret these conditions of life under the light of similar theoretical disposition by accessing multiple layers of possible interpretations. It endeavors to explore the fractured individual and collective consciousness in which Abel struggles to fit, collaborate and lead his main course of life. The same would also interpret duality of perspectives Heteroglossia as defined by Mikhail Bakhtin that drive the entire course of novel. The same would postulate an individual's struggle for escape from memories and unify his soul as a whole

Continuous purification of an enveloped and non-enveloped viral particle using an aqueous two-phase system

Meeting the increasing demand for vaccines throughout the world is key to decrease the spread of infectious diseases. The switch to a fully continuous vaccine manufacturing process would increase productivity and the supply of crucial vaccines. To aid in this switch, we have developed a novel, continuous downstream purification technique based on an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The system has the potential to be used as a platform system for viral product purification. A 12 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and trisodium citrate ATPS was able to purify porcine parvovirus (PPV) and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 group antigen virus-like particles (HIV VLPs) from cell supernatant. PPV was recovered in the PEG-rich phase at 90 ± 16% with a DNA removal of 96 ± 3% and ≥89% protein removal. The system was also able to recover 99 ± 2% of HIV VLPs in the PEG-rich phase with a 73 ± 1% DNA removal and high protein removal shown by SDS-PAGE. Continuous ATPS recovered virus at the same amount as batch recovery. This demonstrates that continuous ATPS can be scaled up and runrun continuously without a loss in purity or recovery. Mixing and settling time both played an important role in developing a continuous ATPS for viral particles

Osmolyte enhanced aqueous two-phase system for virus purification

Due to the high variation in viral surface properties, a platform method for virus purification is still lacking. A potential alternative to the high-cost conventional methods is aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs). However, optimizing virus purification in ATPS requires a large experimental design space, and the optimized systems are generally found to operate at high ATPS component concentrations. The high concentrations capitalize on hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions to obtain high viral particle yields. This study investigated using osmolytes as driving force enhancers to reduce the high concentration of ATPS components while maintaining high yields. The partitioning behavior of porcine parvovirus (PPV), a nonenveloped mammalian virus, and human immunodeficiency virus-like particle (HIV-VLP), a yeast-expressed enveloped VLP, were studied in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) 12 kDa-citrate system. The partitioning of the virus modalities was enhanced by osmoprotectants glycine and betaine, while trimethylamine N-oxide was ineffective for PPV. The increased partitioning to the PEG-rich phase pertained only to viruses, resulting in high virus purification. Recoveries were 100% for infectious PPV and 92% for the HIV-VLP, with high removal of the contaminant proteins and more than 60% DNA removal when glycine was added. The osmolyte-induced ATPS demonstrated a versatile method for virus purification, irrespective of the expression system