Obesity and addiction: can a complication of surgery help us understand the connection?

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137403/1/obr12542_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137403/2/obr12542.pd

Metacognitions about desire thinking predict the severity of binge eating in a sample of Italian women

In this study, our principal aim was to investigate whether metacognitions about desire thinking predict the severity of binge eating in women and, if so, whether this relationship is independent of age, self-reported body mass index (BMI), negative affect, irrational food beliefs and craving. One hundred and four women, consisting of 32 consecutive patients with binge eating disorder undergoing initial assessment for cognitive therapy for eating disorders, 39 moderate binge eaters, and 33 non-binge eaters (both from the general population), completed the following measures: Self-reported BMI, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Irrational Food Beliefs Scale, General Craving Scale, Metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire, and Binge Eating Scale. A series of Spearman's rho correlation analyses revealed that self-reported BMI, anxiety, depression, irrational food beliefs, craving, and all three factors of the metacognitions about desire thinking questionnaire were significantly associated with the severity of binge eating. A stepwise regression analysis identified self-reported BMI, craving, and negative metacognitions about desire thinking as significant predictors of the severity of binge eating. These results, taken together, highlight the possible role of metacognitions about desire thinking in predicting the severity of binge eating. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed

Sex and gender differences in compulsive overeating

Although obesity rates are high, are overall, and have grown dramatically in recent decades, prevalence of obesity in the United States is higher among women, relative to their male counterparts. Conversely, dietary intake is higher for men, and more men than women admit to eating episodes that involve intake of large quantities of food. However, women are more likely to endorse a sense of loss of control over how much they eat and are more likely to experience a host of adverse eating-related consequences and comorbidities. This chapter reviews gender differences across several different disordered eating phenotypes, including nocturnal eating, emotional eating, grazing, food addiction, and binge eating. The psychosocial complications and comorbidities associated with each are also discussed. Animal and human models regarding the importance of hormonal influences on eating behavior and related gender differences are highlighted. Finally, the dearth of treatment outcome studies that include men is noted, with a call for greater attention to the unique forms of maladaptive eating and weight concerns experienced by men

Combined use of alcohol and the internet: Associated features

Background: With the potentiality of excessive Internet usage being associated with adverse consequences, the current study assessed adverse outcomes of combined Internet and alcohol misuse. Objective: We hypothesized that participants who simultaneously engage in both alcohol and Internet use would experience adverse outcomes from their actions, compared to those who just misuse the Internet in the absence of alcohol. Methods: The current study deployed an anonymous online survey comprised of scales measuring several domains such as impulsivity, neglect of responsibilities, depression, frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption, as well as Internet usage. From a large (N = 550) sample of college student surveys, we compared the 39 Internet drinkers with a randomly selected sampled of 39 non-drinking counterparts. Results: Relative to their non-drinking counterparts, Internet Drinkers were elevated on measures of alcohol misuse and some features of Internet addiction, but not depression. Conclusion: Of the final sample, 64.7% of those who drank alcohol while using the Internet indicated doing something they later regretted while online. Further exploration is warranted to more fully understand how non-substance compulsive behaviors can be misused and how they interact with substance misuse and co-occurring mental health issues

A qualitative analysis of men\u27s experiences of binge eating

Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent overeating episodes, accompanied by loss of control (LOC), in the absence of compensatory behaviors. The literature supports that men overeat as often or more often than do women, but they are less likely to endorse LOC and other BED symptoms. Thus, rates of BED are lower among men. However, differences in prevalence rates may reflect gender bias in current conceptualizations of eating disorders and BED diagnostic criteria, not necessarily truly lower rates of disordered eating among men. The purpose of this study was to gather detailed information about how men experience overeating and related body image concerns, to identify common themes. The grounded theory approach was utilized to examine narratives from 11 overweight/obese male college students about their experiences with overeating, with results suggesting that overeating is consistent with male gender role, but LOC is not. Other overeating themes included mindless eating, emotional antecedents, negative consequences, unintentional dietary restriction, and social encouragement to overeat. Participants also reported dissatisfaction with their bodies, a desire for their bodies to be both muscular and thin, concerns related to their physical functioning and health, and a distinction between body image and self-worth. Collectively, these themes suggest further study to more fully explore the features and consequences of how disordered eating and body image concerns may manifest among men

Measurement invariance of the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 across gender and racial groups

© The Author(s) 2018. Objective: Food addiction reflects a substance use disorder framework, suggesting certain foods (e.g., high-fat, high-sugar foods) may trigger an addictive-like eating response in vulnerable individuals. This study explored whether the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0), a newly validated and shortened measure of food addiction, is appropriate for use in heterogeneous samples. Assessment of mYFAS 2.0 invariance is essential, as this measure was developed for use as a brief screener in large epidemiological samples that are likely demographically diverse. Method: Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis examined measurement invariance across racial/ethnic (White, Black, and Hispanic) and gender (male, female) groups. Participants were recruited through Qualtrics qBus, which uses demographic quotas to recruit a sample representative of the U.S. census reference population. Individuals were included in analyses if they identified their race/ethnicity as White, Black, or Hispanic (N = 923). Results: Results supported full and partial measurement invariance across racial and gender groups, respectively. Discussion: Results increase confidence in the generalizability of findings using the mYFAS 2.0 and indicate that observed differences in prevalence rates, such as the higher rates of food addiction observed for women and Hispanic individuals, are likely due to true differences in the population rather than due to measurement bias