Quadrupole Interaction of Non-diffracting Beams with Two-Level Atoms

Recently it has been shown that the quadrupole interactions can be improved significantly as the atom interacts at near resonance with the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode. In this paper, we illustrate that other kinds of optical vortex can be also led to a considerable enhancement of quadrupole interaction when the atom interacts with optical modes at near resonance. The calculations are performed on an interesting situation with Cs atom, where the process is concerned with dipole-forbidden and quadrupole-allowed transitions with a convenable choice of atomic and optical mode parameters. In this direction, we show that the quadrupole transitions can be significantly enhanced and therefore they can play an interesting role and lead to new features of atom-light interaction, which can have some constructive implications in experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure

OCTOBER 1973: RISE OF A KINGDOM OR EMPIRE?

Located in Western Asia, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country with a deep rooted cultural background and a tremendous appreciation for individual and communal privacy. Little is really understood about the intrinsic kingdom. It was only until the end of the twentieth century that the Saudi kingdom gained the perception as a dominant power in the Arab world and one of the few Arab countries that the average American is likely to be aware of, as Saudi Arabia was involved in multiple interstate conflicts and incidences throughout its short history. In October 1973, Saudi Arabia placed an oil embargo on countries that were deemed as supporters of Israel during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The lack of historical or academic focus by Middle East historians on the incident may imply a belief that the incident was insignificant. This, however is far from the truth. The 1973 Oil embargo changed the perceptions of the United States Government on the capabilities and willingness of Saudi Arabia to achieve its political and economic interest as a sovereign state. The 1973 Oil Embargo changed the United States Government’s perceptions of the Saudi monarchy from viewing it as an economically dependent country that could only guarantee a steady supply of cheap oil for the United States, to be perceived as a sovereign state that was willing to enforce its own economic and regional interest. The focus of this paper is on the bilateral relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States. Other Arab states and Israel are not primary factors in this relationship during the events of the oil embargo, hence the focus on the Saudi-American relationship. This essay will analyze the Saudi-American relationship chronologically. To better understand the impact of the oil embargo on how it changed the perceptions of US policy makers towards Saudi Arabia. American perceptions of Saudi Arabia before the embargo will be first be outlined. The focus will be in the period after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and the transition from the Lyndon B. Johnson administration to the Nixon administration in 1969. The perceptions and changes in perceptions of Saudi Arabia by US policy makers will then be described during the oil embargo from October 1973 to March 1974. Finally, the impact of the oil embargo and the changes of perceptions that resulted from it will then be described. The time period will be from the end of the embargo until 1979, before the second oil crisis

Central Arabia during the early Hellenistic period : with particular reference to the site of al-'Ayun in the area of al-Aflaj in Saudi Arabia

This thesis deals with the site of al -'Ayun in the area of al -Aflaj in Central Arabia as one of the Early Hellenistic sites in the region. The specific objectives of this work are; 1- identifying more precisely the date of the settlement, 2- exposing the nature and position of the al -'Ayun settlement in relation to the ancient trading route between the Yemen in south Arabia and Gerrha on the eastern coast of Arabia, and 3- trying to find any evidence of the relationship between the three components of the site; that is the settlement, the irrigation system, and the tumulus field.In order to achieve our objectives, and because of the rarity of information about the site, two field excavations were necessary The first excavation took place between March and May 1988, and the second excavation took place between April and May 1989. The core of this study relies on the information gathered from the excavations.To put the research in context, the thesis begins with a general introduction to the whole work. It continues with an historical survey of the ancient kingdoms of Southern Arabia, the beginning of the eastern Hellenistic world and its relation with Arabia, and the ancient inland trading routes in Arabia during the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BC. Then it looks in detail at the Hellenistic sites in eastern Arabia and those in Central Arabia. At this stage the thesis introduces the area of al- Aflaj, its geography and history, before reporting the archaeological excavations at the site of al- 'Ayun. The study is completed by an analysis of the objects found at the site i.e. pottery sherds, incense burners, stone artifacts, coins, and a seal with south Arabian script. Finally, after a general discussion and analysis of the results of the excavation, there is a discussion and the general conclusion of this thesis, which is that the settlement at al -'Ayun was an early and short -lived response to the Hellenistic stimulus to Arabian trade between the incense -producing area of the South-west and the port of Gerrha on the Gulf coast

An Empirical Investigation of the Determinants of Oman's National Savings

In this note we examine the determinants of Oman's national savings for the period 1977-2003 using the bounds testing approach to cointegration. We use the ARDL model to estimate the long run and short run determinants of national savings. Our main finding is that the current account, the urbanisation rate and the money supply exert statistically significant impacts on Oman''s national savings in the long run.