Notes of the Teaching practice on the Japanese language education (4) : For the time to come

本研究は, より優れた中等教育授業者を育成する国語科教育実習のあり方を求めて, 実習現場で生起している出来事の記述, 分析, 考察を行い, それを通じて, ①中等国語科教員養成プログラム(学部教育+附属実習)の教育内容の体系化, ②中等国語科教育実習指導体制の確立, にかかわる提言を試みることを目的としている 2008年度は, 単元及び教材と授業の具体に即した記述, 分析を積み重ねてより実践的なモデルを構築していく研究の2年次として, 「小説」単元の実習授業を取り上げた。分析・考察の第1は, 「小説単元における授業力獲得のための課題と指導のポイント」として, ①「主題把握」から「問題領域の焦点化」への転換, ②「登場人物の心情把握と共感」から「問題を引き受ける読み」への転換, ③作品と学習者の接点, ④ワークシート作業の陥穽, ⑤読みの交流の成否。分析・考察の第2は, 授業力向上における「経験の転換・飛躍ポイント」として, ①授業経験の上に指導教員の授業を観察する, ②授業者自身のことばを具体的に考察する, ③学習者を受け止め学習者に働きかける意識。また, 「『単元別 授業力獲得モデル(II)-小説』-授業力獲得のための指導ポイント-」を提案

Application of artificial sunlight for the elderly as a possible environmental nursing practice

Aging and aged societies have arrived in many countries where significant development of medicine and the economy has been achieved. Japan is a highly aged society with a shortage of carers both at home and in long-term care settings. In fact, more persons of advanced age who do not need intensive care in hospitals strongly desire health care to be delivered in their own home with their family. Environmental nursing practice, which means that nurses improve the environment of patients or the elderly properly in accordance with healthcare considerations, is currently playing a more important role, not only to prevent the elderly from contracting various diseases, but also to provide a facility for supporting an aged person to live a fulfilling life, preferably one that includes independence. This approach will lead to a reduction in medical expenditure by increasing the number of aged people with healthy longevity without the need for hospitalization or intensive care. This short communication focuses on healthy lighting for the elderly based on our research and experience regarding the beneficial effects of artificial sunlight on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), asthma and food allergy, and ulcerative colitis in experimental animal models and clinical settings. Then, we review other studies and discuss how artificial sunlight would be useful for the elderly as one of the environmental nursing practices

Notes of the teaching practice on the Japanese language education (2)

本研究は,教育実習Bにおける教育実習生の顕著な課題を析出し,課題克服の働きかけを考察することで教育実習Bで使用する観察実習生による記述シートを改善・修正するものである。研究二年次の本年度では,観察実習生の主体化するテキスト観を指摘し,このテキスト観からする国語の授業の問題点を議論の俎上にのぼせ分析し,とりわけ,教育実習Bという経験を通して認識上の変容が見られない観察実習生に対して有効な"学び"を考察し,その"学び"の諸観点を提言するものである

Notes of the Teaching practice on the Japanese language education (2)

本研究は,教育実習Bにおける教育実習生の顕著な課題を析出し,課題克服の働きかけを考察することで教育実習Bで使用する観察実習生による記述シートを改善・修正するものである。研究最終年次である三年次の本年度では,観察実習生の主体化する国語の授業観を指摘し,このテキスト観からする国語の授業の問題点を議論の俎上にのぼせ分析し,有効な働きかけの足場を示すものである。また,その足場からする観察実習Bへの参加が授業力獲得に繋がることを,観察記録や講話記録を分析することで明らかにする。以上の考察を通して,広く実習生の“学び"を呼びかける

Notes of the Teaching practice on the Japanese language education (5) : For the time to come

本研究は, より優れた中等教育授業者を育成する国語科教育実習のあり方を求めて, 実習現場で生起している出来事の記述, 分析, 考察を行い, それを通じて, ①中等国語科教員養成プログラム(学部教育+附属実習)の教育内容の体系化, ②中等国語科教育実習指導体制の確立, にかかわる提言を試みることを目的としている。 2009年度は, 単元及び教材と授業の具体に即した記述, 分析を積み重ねてより実践的なモデルを構築していく研究の3年次として, 「古典」単元の実習授業を取り上げた。 古典単元における実習生の躓きで顕著なことは, 単元構想段階での単元の主題に対する思索不足であることが, 本年度「古典単元」の諸記録シートの分析を通じて明らかになった。従って, 実習生のこの問題点を考察の俎上に上せ, 単元の主題に対する思索不足の原因を明らかにした。また, 「古典単元における授業力獲得のための課題と指導のポイント」として, 上記の課題に対する働きかけを, 実習活動の諸局面に即して記述した。さらに, 実習生の変化変容の内実をよく指し示す具体例を取り上げ分析・考察した

Notes of the Teaching practice on the Japanese language education (1)

本研究は, 観察実習生の学びの実態を記述, 分析, 考察し, 以て中等国語科教員養成プログラム(学部教育+附属観察実習)の, より体系的な教育内容に向けて提言するものである。一方で当校国語科では, 2009年度に, 「(5)教育実習の在り方について(重点テーマ) これからの教育実習 国語科における教育実習指導の研究」とする5年次計画の研究を終え, 教壇実習を通じて実習生がいかなる困難に出会い, どのように応答するのかを収集分析し, 単元別に有効な授業力獲得モデルを構築している。従って, 本研究は先年度までの研究成果を踏まえつつ進めるものだが, 先年度までの研究成果を踏まえることで観察実習生の記入する諸記録用紙本年度版を開発している。本研究は, この諸記録用紙の記述内容を具体的な分析対象として考察している。 考察を通じて, 教材テキストの「ものの見方や考え方」を中心にして授業構想に及ぶ観察実習生の姿が確認されたが, 他方で, 典型的な学習展開を無批判になぞる実態も明らかにした

Second nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens in patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis conducted by Japanese Surveillance Committee from 2015 to 2016: antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus

The Japanese Surveillance Committee conducted a second nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens responsible for acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) in premenopausal patients aged 16–40 years old at 31 hospitals throughout Japan from March 2015 to February 2016. In this study, the susceptibility of causative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus) for various antimicrobial agents was investigated by isolation and culturing of organisms obtained from urine samples. In total, 324 strains were isolated from 361 patients, including E. coli (n = 220, 67.9%), S. saprophyticus (n = 36, 11.1%), and K. pneumoniae (n = 7, 2.2%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20 antibacterial agents for these strains were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) manual. At least 93% of the E. coli isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, whereas 100% of the S. saprophyticus isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The proportions of fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains were 6.4% (13/220) and 4.1% (9/220), respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility of K. pneumoniae was retained during the surveillance period, while no multidrug-resistant strains were identified. In summary, antimicrobial susceptibility results of our second nationwide surveillance did not differ significantly from those of the first surveillance. Especially the numbers of fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli strains were not increased in premenopausal patients with AUC in Japan

The whole blood transcriptional regulation landscape in 465 COVID-19 infected samples from Japan COVID-19 Task Force

「コロナ制圧タスクフォース」COVID-19患者由来の血液細胞における遺伝子発現の網羅的解析 --重症度に応じた遺伝子発現の変化には、ヒトゲノム配列の個人差が影響する--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-08-23.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently-emerged infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths, where comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms is still unestablished. In particular, studies of gene expression dynamics and regulation landscape in COVID-19 infected individuals are limited. Here, we report on a thorough analysis of whole blood RNA-seq data from 465 genotyped samples from the Japan COVID-19 Task Force, including 359 severe and 106 non-severe COVID-19 cases. We discover 1169 putative causal expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) including 34 possible colocalizations with biobank fine-mapping results of hematopoietic traits in a Japanese population, 1549 putative causal splice QTLs (sQTLs; e.g. two independent sQTLs at TOR1AIP1), as well as biologically interpretable trans-eQTL examples (e.g., REST and STING1), all fine-mapped at single variant resolution. We perform differential gene expression analysis to elucidate 198 genes with increased expression in severe COVID-19 cases and enriched for innate immune-related functions. Finally, we evaluate the limited but non-zero effect of COVID-19 phenotype on eQTL discovery, and highlight the presence of COVID-19 severity-interaction eQTLs (ieQTLs; e.g., CLEC4C and MYBL2). Our study provides a comprehensive catalog of whole blood regulatory variants in Japanese, as well as a reference for transcriptional landscapes in response to COVID-19 infection

DOCK2 is involved in the host genetics and biology of severe COVID-19

「コロナ制圧タスクフォース」COVID-19疾患感受性遺伝子DOCK2の重症化機序を解明 --アジア最大のバイオレポジトリーでCOVID-19の治療標的を発見--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-08-10.Identifying the host genetic factors underlying severe COVID-19 is an emerging challenge. Here we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 2, 393 cases of COVID-19 in a cohort of Japanese individuals collected during the initial waves of the pandemic, with 3, 289 unaffected controls. We identified a variant on chromosome 5 at 5q35 (rs60200309-A), close to the dedicator of cytokinesis 2 gene (DOCK2), which was associated with severe COVID-19 in patients less than 65 years of age. This risk allele was prevalent in East Asian individuals but rare in Europeans, highlighting the value of genome-wide association studies in non-European populations. RNA-sequencing analysis of 473 bulk peripheral blood samples identified decreased expression of DOCK2 associated with the risk allele in these younger patients. DOCK2 expression was suppressed in patients with severe cases of COVID-19. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis (n = 61 individuals) identified cell-type-specific downregulation of DOCK2 and a COVID-19-specific decreasing effect of the risk allele on DOCK2 expression in non-classical monocytes. Immunohistochemistry of lung specimens from patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia showed suppressed DOCK2 expression. Moreover, inhibition of DOCK2 function with CPYPP increased the severity of pneumonia in a Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, characterized by weight loss, lung oedema, enhanced viral loads, impaired macrophage recruitment and dysregulated type I interferon responses. We conclude that DOCK2 has an important role in the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe COVID-19, and could be further explored as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target