Structural characterization of the olfactory epithelium of freshwater olive barb, Puntius sarana (Hamilton, 1822)

The cellular organization of the olfactory epithelium of Puntius sarana (Hamilton, 1822) was explored by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy. The oval shaped olfactory rosette was composed of 26-28 primary lamellae distributed from both sides of the central raphe. The sensory epithelium confined chiefly on the linguiform processes of the lamella and rest of the portion consisted of non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium was embossed with morphologically distinct three types of sensory cells: ciliated, rod and microvillus receptor cells. The non-sensory epithelium was made up of mainly stratified epithelial cells and mucous cells. Different cells lining the olfactory epithelium were discussed in relation to mode of life and living of the fish concerned

Comparative histological and histochemical studies on the pancreas of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822), Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1790) and Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769)

The histological analysis, disposition and histochemical localization of tryptophan were investigated in the pancreas to compare the cellular organization and histochemical characterization in the pancreas of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822), Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1790) and Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) having different feeding habits. Histological analysis demonstrated that the exocrine pancreatic tissues were dispersed within the hepatic parenchyma and spleen in L. rohita. Thin septa of connective tissue separated parenchyma of liver and also the spleen from exocrine pancreatic cells. However, in M. vittatus, the discrete pancreatic tissue formed distinct oval or elongated acini interspersed with small area of islet of Langerhans and blood vessels. In N. notopterus, the rhomboidal acinar cells of discrete pancreatic tissue intercalated with comparatively clear and large islet of Langerhans. The exocrine acinar cells in all the three species were provided with prominent nuclei and densely packed zymogen granules. Histochemical localization revealed that the zymogen granules of exocrine acinar cells of all species exhibited varied intensities of tryptophan reaction, the precursor of various pancreatic enzymes which may be related to the food and feeding habits of the fishes under study

Histoarchitectural and surface ultrastructural analysis of the olfactory epithelium of Puntius ticto (Hamilton, 1822)

Organization of various cells lining the olfactory mucosa of Puntius ticto (Hamilton, 1822) were described by light as well as scanning electron microscopy. The paired olfactory chambers located antero-dorsal to the eyes and communicated outside through anterior and posterior nasal openings. The oval shaped olfactory rosette lied at the bottom of chamber and composed of 18-20 lamellae arranged on either side of median raphe. Sensory and non-sensory regions were distributed separately on each lamella. The sensory epithelium consisted mainly of two distinct morphological forms: ciliated and microvillous receptor cells. The non-sensory epithelium contained ciliated non-sensory cells, stratified epithelial cells with concentric microridges and mucous cells. Basal cells were situated at the deeper part of the epithelium, adjacent to the central core. The functional significance of cellular components of the olfactory epithelium was discussed with the habit and habitat of fish

A comparative study of the histoarchitecture of endocrine pancreas in Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822), Sperata aor (Hamilton, 1822) and Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822)

The disposition and cellular organization of the endocrine pancreas were studied in three species of freshwater teleosts viz., Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822), Sperata aor (Hamilton, 1822) and Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) using histological techniques. In L. bata, the endocrine pancreas tissues were mainly distributed in the adipose tissue among the intestinal coils and adjacent to extrahepatic bile duct, while in S. aor and C. chitala, the endocrine pancreas predominantly attached with wall of the stomach along with exocrine pancreatic part. Histological analysis demonstrated that the endocrine components of all the three species were enclosed in a thin capsule provided with different cells, interspersed with blood sinuses. The cytoarchitectural analysis showed that in L. bata, β cells were usually arranged in groups while α cells were often interspersed with blood vessels. In S. aor and C. chitala, the rounded or oval α cells were usually arranged either in groups or scattered to the islets periphery and β cells which were densely granulated and typically stained with Aldehyde fuchsin (AF), Romies azan (RA) and Mallory’s triple (MT) were observed in the central areas of the islets and intercalated with blood vessels. The δ like cells were founded at a low frequency and intermingled with β cells and exhibited moderate cytoplasmic granules in L. bata, S. aor and C. chitala. Despite being the subject of extreme controversy, the nature and function of different islet cells were discussed

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE INCIDENCE OF FISH DISEASES AND USE OF THERAPEUTANTS IN AQUACULTURE FARMS OF MOYNA, THE ‘FISHERIES HUB’ OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA

The present study depicts the disease incidences in the aqua farms of Moyna, West Bengal, India, during 2018- 2020 and aqua-drugs used by farmers to combat diseases. A total of 132 fish disease incidences were reported, among which parasitic diseases were the most common (53.03%) followed by bacterial diseases (27.27%), diseases due to poor nutrition and environmental fluctuations (10.61%), and fungal diseases (9.09%), respectively. Out of the 53.03% parasitic disease incidences reported, Argulus (22.86%), Dactylogyrus (17.14%), Gyrodactylus (10.00%), Myxospores (10.00%), Lernaea (8.57%), Ichthyophthirius (5.71%) and Trichodina (4.29%) were the major disease-causing parasites. Among bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. were the most dominant genera encountered in diseased fish. Labeo catla was the most susceptible fish species followed by Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala. Seasonal influence in disease occurrence was noticed. Monsoon and winter were favorable seasons for disease outbreaks. The influence of water quality parameters like hardness, pH, ammonia, total dissolved solids of water, and total organic carbon of sediment had a significant correlation with parasite abundance. Farmers of Moyna were observed to use a wide range of chemicals and aqua-drugs to control diseases and related problems. The majority of the fish farms of Moyna were found using feed additives and supplements (32.00%) followed by sanitizers and disinfectants (24.00%), probiotics (17.00%), anti-parasitic drugs (11.00%), antibiotics (8.00%), and other chemicals (20.00%). Lime (calcium carbonate) and zeolite along with sodium chloride, potassium permanganate, formalin, and calcium hypochlorite were extensively used as disinfectants in Moyna. Farmers being unaware of the adverse consequences of using chemicals and aqua-medicines are fully dependent on private aquaculture consultants for time-to-time advice, which may have augmented their indiscriminate use. Initiative for the implementation of better management practices by creating awareness among farmers and adopting strict aquaculture policy guidelines might improve the scenario

"The fruits of independence": Satyajit Ray, Indian nationhood and the spectre of empire

Challenging the longstanding consensus that Satyajit Ray's work is largely free of ideological concerns and notable only for its humanistic richness, this article shows with reference to representations of British colonialism and Indian nationhood that Ray's films and stories are marked deeply and consistently by a distinctively Bengali variety of liberalism. Drawn from an ongoing biographical project, it commences with an overview of the nationalist milieu in which Ray grew up and emphasizes the preoccupation with colonialism and nationalism that marked his earliest unfilmed scripts. It then shows with case studies of Kanchanjangha (1962), Charulata (1964), First Class Kamra (First-Class Compartment, 1981), Pratidwandi (The Adversary, 1970), Shatranj ke Khilari (The Chess Players, 1977), Agantuk (The Stranger, 1991) and Robertsoner Ruby (Robertson's Ruby, 1992) how Ray's mature work continued to combine a strongly anti-colonial viewpoint with a shifting perspective on Indian nationhood and an unequivocal commitment to cultural cosmopolitanism. Analysing how Ray articulated his ideological positions through the quintessentially liberal device of complexly staged debates that were apparently free, but in fact closed by the scenarist/director on ideologically specific notes, this article concludes that Ray's reputation as an all-forgiving, ‘everybody-has-his-reasons’ humanist is based on simplistic or even tendentious readings of his work

Histomorphological and microanatomical characteristics of the olfactory organ of freshwater carp, Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton)

The morphoanatomy, cellular organization, and surface architecture of the olfactory apparatus in Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) is described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The oval shaped olfactory rosette contained 32 ± 2 primary lamellae on each side of the median raphe, and was lodged on the floor of the olfactory chamber. The olfactory lamellae were basically flat and compactly arranged in the rosette. The olfactory chamber communicated to the outside aquatic environment through inlet and outlet apertures with a conspicuous nasal flap in between. The mid dorsal portion of the olfactory lamellae was characterized by a linguiform process. Sensory and non-sensory regions were distributed separately on each lamella. The sensory epithelium occupied the apical part including the linguiform process, whereas the resting part of the lamella was covered with non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium comprised both ciliated and microvillous receptor cells distinguished by the architecture on their apical part. The non-sensory epithelium possessed mucous cells, labyrinth cells, and stratified epithelial cells with distinctive microridges. The functional importance of the different cells lining the olfactory mucosa was correlated with the ecological habits of the fish examined

Histological and histochemical characterization on stomach of Mystus cavasius (Hamilton), Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) and Gudusia chapra (Hamilton): Comparative study

The histological features and histochemical characterization of the stomach were investigated in Mystus cavasius (Hamilton), Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) and Gudusia chapra (Hamilton) having different feeding habits. Histologically the stomach of all the three fishes was made up of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The mucosa of superficial epithelium consists of a single layer of compactly arranged columnar epithelial cells. Prominent gastric glands are present in M. cavasius whereas in G. chapra the gastric glands are totally absent in the gizzard like stomach. However, in O. niloticus tubular gastric glands are present in the glandular epithelium of caecal like stomach. The distribution and chemical nature of mucopolysaccharides in the aforementioned fishes were studied histochemically by employing Periodic Acid Schiff’s in combination with the Alcian Blue (PAS–AB) technique. Columnar epithelial cells lining the mucosa of the stomach including mucosal border were provided with exclusively neutral mucin which was probably involved in the protective functions against acid and enzymes. The different intensities of reaction of Best Carmine (BC) for glycogen in the epithelial lining and gastric glands of the stomach of the aforesaid three fish species under study were discussed. The intense reaction for protein and tryptophan was noticed in the gastric epithelium and gastric glands of M. cavasius probably due to accumulation of zymogen granules in the gastric glands. On the contrary, moderate reaction for protein and tryptophan was associated with the epithelial cells and gastric glands of O. niloticus and G. chapra. The cytoarchitecture and different degrees of localization of mucopolysaccharides, glycogen, protein and tryptophan in the stomach of M. cavasius, O. niloticus and G. chapra were correlated with the functional significance of the region concerned