Özet İnsan Anatomisi

Anatomi; Tıp biliminin en zor öğrenilen bilim alanlarından biridir. Ayrıca; öğrenilen Anatomi bilgisi hızla unutulmaktadır. Zor öğrenilmesi ve kolay unutulması nedeniyle; Anatomi öğrencilerimizin her zaman korkuyla yaklaştıkları bir bilim alanı olmuştur. Anatomi öğrenirken en sık karşılaşılan sorulardan biri de “Anatominin ne kadarı benim meslek hayatım için gereklidir?” sorusudur. Bu soru gerçekten çok önemlidir. Bu soruya doğru cevap verecek kaynaklardan Anatomi bilimini okumak bu nedenle önemlidir. Özet İnsan Anatomisi Tıp Fakültesi, Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulları öğrencileri ile birlikte Tıpta Uzmanlık Eğitimi Giriş Sınavı (TUS) ve Diş Hekimliğinde Uzmanlık Eğitimi Giriş Sınavı (DUS) için hazırlanan tüm Sağlık Bilimleri öğrencilerine hitap eden değerli bir eserdir. Bu eser; uzun yılların birikimi sonucunda kaleme alınmış ve en temel Anatomi bilgilerini bir araya getirerek hazırlanmıştır

Anatomi Akıl Notları

Anatomi tıbbın en karmaşık bilim alanlarından biridir. Ayrıca; bu bilim alanında kullanılan pek çok anatomik terimin Latince olması nedeniyle, anatomiyi anlamak ve öğrenmek daha da zorlaşır. Anatomi Akıl Notları hazırlanırken, tüm bu zorluklar dikkate alındı. Eserde, en az sayfa sayısı ile anatomiyi en iyi şekilde ve kolayca öğretebilmek hedeflendi. Anatomi Akıl Notları’nın hedefine ulaşabilmesi için; anatomi bilim alanı ile ilgili önemli temel kaynaklar ayrıntılı bir şekilde değerlendirildi ve klinik önemi olan pek çok konu dikkat kutuları ile özetlendi. Eserin bazı bölümlerinde yer alan tablolar sayesinde kaslar ile ilgili bilgilerin daha kolay öğrenilmesi hedeflendi. Güneş Tıp Kitabevlerinin telif hakkına sahip olduğu seçkin anatomi atlaslarında yer alan resimlerin bir kısmına eserde yer verilerek, Anatomi Akıl Notları’na muhteşem bir görsel zenginlik kazandırıldı. Eserin temel amaçlarından biri de Anatomi Akıl Notları’nın sonuna eklenen sorular ve cevapları sayesinde okuyucunun konuları bir kez daha hatırlaması idi. Anatomi Akıl Notları Tıp Fakültesi, Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencileri ve Tıpta Uzmanlık Sınavına hazırlanan genç hekimler için hazırlanmış bir eserdir

Histopathologic Effects Of A Low Molecular Weight Heparin On Bone Healing In Rats: A Promising Adjuvant In Dacryocystorhinostomy

AIM: To investigate the effect of short-term prophylactic dose of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) drug on the bone healing process in an animal model simulating the osteotomy obtained in dacryocystorh in ostomy. METHODS: Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 2 groups. Subcutaneous injections of enoxaparin 1 mg/kg (enoxaparin-treated group) and saline solution (control group) were performed once daily for 4d, beginning on the first preoperative day. The osteotomy was created at the femoral diaphysis in all animals by using a Kirschner wire. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups depending on the timing of the second operation, 14 or 21d following initial osteotomy. Patent osteotomy area on the second and the third weeks in each group were calculated by using a computer software on digital micrographs. RESULTS: The patent osteotomy areas at the second and the third weeks were significantly larger in the enoxaparin-treated group than those of the control group (P<0.001 for each time-period). In the control group, the patent osteotomy area at the third week of healing was significantly smaller than that of the second week (P=0.003), whereas there was no significant difference between these two measurements in the enoxaparin-treated group (P=0.185). CONCLUSION: Short-term administration of enoxaparin resultes in a significant alteration in bone healing at 14 and 21d after injury. LMWHs can be regarded as promising alternative adjuvants in dacryocystorhinostomy after being evaluated with further clinical and animal studies.WoSScopu

An anatomical study of the bicipital aponeurosis in embalmed and fresh frozen cadavers

Objectives: The bicipital aponeurosis is a fascial expansion which arises from the distal tendon of biceps brachii muscle. It is an important structure for protecting the median nerve and brachial artery. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphometry and shape of the bicipital aponeurosis and its implications for the protection of the median nerve and brachial artery. Methods: Upper extremities of two fresh frozen and seven embalmed cadavers (five right, four left sides) were dissected. The ages of the cadavers varied between 60–86 years. The central length, superior width, central width, inferior width and the shape of bicipital aponeurosis were evaluated. All measurements were performed by using digital caliper. Results: The central length of the bicipital aponeurosis was measured 3.6±1.2 cm. The superior, central and inferior width of the bicipital aponeurosis were found 1.5±0.7 cm, 1.5±0.6 cm and 1.8±0.8 cm, respectively. Through the examination of upper extremities; two different shapes of bicipital aponeurosis were observed. In type I; the bicipital aponeurosis was fusiform in shape and observed in four upper extremities. In five extremities, it was found as quadrangular in shape and classified as type II. Conclusion: The morphometry and shape of bicipital aponeurosis have a clinical importance to protect the median nerve and brachial artery or to reduce compression of these neurovascular structures. A better understanding of bicipital aponeurosis morphometry is important in assessment of biomechanical properties of biceps brachii

Morphology of cranial sutures and radiologic evaluation of the variations of intersutural bones

Background: As far as our literature searches showed us, morphological characteristics of cranium such as sutures, sutural bones and fontanelles had been examined in the skulls in the museums and dry specimens until now. As a modern method, three-dimensional virtual reconstruction of cranial bones by using multidetector computed tomography-computed tomography angiography (MDCT-CTA) can display in vivo morphological characteristics. In our study, we aimed to determine the presence and incidence of these morphological characteristics that can be clinically significant in our population, by using radiologic methods. Materials and methods: We examined head and neck regions of 185 patients via MDCT-CTA. We evaluated radiologically detectable variations of the metopic sutures, lambda, bregma, asterion and pterion, which can be very easily confused with fractures. Additionally, the differences between the genders and incidence of coexistence of these variations were evaluated. Results: According to our study, the incidence of persistent metopic suture was 8.1% and the incidence of lambda variations was 5.9%. Variations were most commonly encountered on the left asterion, and least commonly on the bregma and left pterion. In the evaluation of the coexistence of the parameters and combinations, the Wormian bones located at the right and left asterions were detected. There were no statistically significant differences between genders. Conclusions: Variations of the sutures and sutural bones can be easily misdiagnosed with the fractures of related bony regions in unconscious patients with multiple traumas. During surgical interventions in these patients, surgeons must take this fact into consideration in order to make differential diagnosis of fractures and intersutural bone variations

Dipyrone attenuates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits

WOS: 000410533100004PubMed ID: 25366581BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the systemic administration of dipyrone in a triple subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model of cerebral vasospasm in rabbits. METHODS: Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in rabbits by injecting autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna. Digital subtraction angiographies (DSA) were performed before and after the first experimental SAH, and at 30, 45, 60 minutes and 72 hours after the first drug administration to measure the diameter of basilar artery. Intracisternal blood injections were repeated 24 and 48 hours after the first injection. Dipyrone (N.= 20) or 0.9% NaCl (N.= 20) was administered intravenously after initial SAH induction and repeated at 8-hour intervals intramuscularly. After sacrificing by perfusion-fixation, basilar arteries were removed and sectioned for transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination. RESULTS: The average basilar artery diameter measured by DSA was 724 +/- 19 mu m in the control, and 686 +/- 29 mu m in treatment group before SAH. After SAH, mean basilar artery diameters decreased to 71% and 68% of their basal values, respectively. Dipyrone significantly attenuated the basilar artery diameter at one and 72 hours after the first drug administration, in comparison to the control group. TEM studies showed more edema in the endothelial cells of the basilar arteries of the control group when compared to the treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Dipyrone showed a beneficial effect in autologous blood-induced basilar artery vasospasm in rabbits. These data support the idea that dipyrone can be a potential candidate drug to be tested in patients suffering from cerebral vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage

The Impact Of Imiquimod On Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: Results Of An Experimental Study Imiquimod Attenuates Radiation Lung Injury

Aim: Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a major dose-limiting factor during thoracic irradiation. Imiquimod (Imq) is a heterocyclic amine that has been shown to be effective in diseases related to inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of Imiquimod on RILI. Material and Method: The study included 60 adult female Wistar-Albino rats (250-300 g). Rats were divided into 6 groups: Group (G) 1: control, G2: radiotherapy (RT) only, G3 and G4: 5 and 10 mg/kg Imq; G5 and G6 RT: plus 5 and 10 mg/kg Imq groups respectively. A single dose of 15 Gray (Gy) RT was given to the lungs. Imq was applied intraperitoneal. Results: The inflammation, fibrosis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta scores of the study groups were significantly different at 6th and 16th week of RT (p < 0.001 for all). At the 6th week of RT, inflammation, fibrosis, and TGF-beta scores did not differ in both RT and non-RT groups. By the 16th week of RT inflammation, fibrosis, and TGF-beta scores were significantly different between G2 and G5, and G2 and G6. Electron microscopy findings supported the results of the light microscopy. Discussion: Although Imq did not improve pneumonitis phase, Imq attenuated radiation-induced lung fibrosis. These findings should be clarified with further preclinical and clinical studies.Wo

The Effect of PRGF on Healing of Clamp-Induced Tendinopathy in Animals

Objectives: To investigate the effect of PRGF on the healing of the tendon damage in the Achilles tendinopathy model. Material and Methods: A preliminary study was designed to obtain more apparent tendinopathy changes in the subculture. Histopathologically, second level compression with a clamp for 1 minute followed by releasing for 3 minutes applying the same mechanical stimulus procedure for four times, was defined as the optimal compression mode for the most optimal damage in terms of tendinopathy. Thirty-four female Sprague Downey type rats were divided into five separate groups and clamped tendon damage was formed on unilateral (left) Acchilles tendons. The first group was a control group (Kontrol: CN); in the second group tissue specimens were taken from the rats immediately after being clamped (K-0); from the group 3, tissue samples were taken 1 week after clamping (K-7). Immediately after the tendinopathy model was applied to the animals in the fourth group (PRGF), the PRGF injection was performed to the subjects from the blood that was obtained from the control group, while an isotonic saline solution was injected into the subjects in the fifth group (SF), and tissue samples from both groups were obtained 1 week after. Results: The samples were examined by means of a transmission electron microscope. In the K-0 group among the collagenous fibers, vacuoles are observed in the cytoplasm of the edematous areas and fibrocytes, and in comparison, with K-7 and SF group there was a significant increase in fibroblast and collagen fiber synthesis in the PRGF-treated group. Furthermore, fibroblast and new collagen synthesis were observed to be increased in K-7 and SF groups. An intense increase in organelle levels was observed in PRGF group fibroblasts. Conclusion: This data suggests that PRGF may provide a better healing response in tendons with limited healing and circulation, which enhances the activation in the cells at the beginning of the healing process